scholarly journals Roller dynamometer particle immission* measurement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Atzler ◽  
Alfred Wiedensohler ◽  
Tilo Roß ◽  
Kay Weinhold ◽  
Maximilian Dobberkau
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Particulate Matter Emission ◽  
Link Type

AbstractUrban traffic is a significant contributor of particulate matter to the environment (Kessinger et al. in https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/5750/publikationen/hgp_luftqualitaet_2020_bf.pdf, 2021). Hence, there is a high interest in the measured data of roadside immission measurement station. In the federal state Saxony (Germany), the State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG) is responsible for supervision of the air pollution. In a joint project, the LfULG, the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) and the Chair of Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems of the Technical University of Dresden (Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungsmotoren und Antriebssysteme, LVAS) measured the particulate immission* from a selection of passenger cars in an “environment simulation” Weinhold et al. (https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/36768q, 2020). Especially direct injection spark ignition engines, DISI, without particle filter have a high particulate matter emission, depending on the operating condition. However, an increase of the particulate matter immission due to the rising market penetration of DISI engines was not measurable at the immission measurement stations of LfULG. To investigate the effect of vehicle exhaust emission and immission, an experiment was developed to measure particulate matter immission similar to road conditions on a chassis dynamometer. Five used cars with different engines, exhaust after treatment systems and mileage were evaluated regarding their emissions and particulate immissions. Unexpectedly, a high amount of ultrafine particulate matter smaller 100 nm was found during the emission measurements, although the exhaust emissions were completely extracted to the CVS measurement system. It was concluded that these particles were assignable to break and tire wear. This paper summarizes the most important findings, the complete report is available in Weinhold et al. (https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/36768q, 2020).

scholarly journals Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Bus Signal Priority at Intersections under Hybrid Energy Consumption Conditions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Huan ◽  
Enjian Yao ◽  
Yulin Fan ◽  
Zhaohui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Bus Signal Priority

The acceleration of the motorization process creates severe environmental problems by affecting the energy consumption of urban traffic. As a major source of traffic pollution, vehicle exhaust deserves more attention when making traffic policy. Actually, the acceleration, deceleration, and idling conditions of vehicles cause more pollution than usual, which mainly happens at intersections of the road network. Besides, in the context of giving priority on public transport development, bus signal priority (BSP) at intersections becomes a quite prevalent measure to reduce average capita delay for travelers, while long-term practice also indicates that the unreasonable setting of bus lane further worsens the running conditions for other vehicles by occupying excessive traffic capacity, which highlights the indirect environmental effects of BSP. This paper provides a simulation-based method for evaluating the adaptability of BSP to find an optimum balance between efficient and environmental care. Specifically, the traffic volume, bus mixed rate of the intersection and energy types of vehicles consist of hybrid energy consumption conditions collectively. A VSP (vehicle specific power)-based exhaust emission models for both buses and other vehicles are employed to estimate the environmental cost of the entire intersection. Moreover, the overall efficiency of gasoline and electric vehicles is further evaluated to offer more implications for traffic control practice.

scholarly journals Evaluation of driver exposure risk on toxins emitted from exhausts engine in traffic congestion simulated conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00163
Author(s):  
Maria Skrętowicz ◽  
Anna Janicka ◽  
Radosław Wróbel ◽  
Maciej Zawiślak
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
The Impact

The increase in the number of vehicles and better availability of car purchase cause that nowadays people tend to spend more time inside cars. In urban traffic conditions, vehicles moves at low speeds. In addition, traffic lights and high traffic flows cause frequent stops of vehicles and often lead to congestions. The consequence is high amount of exhaust emission and high levels of the concentration of pollutants in the air. In such conditions, pollutants including hydrocarbons from the group of volatile organic compound enter the interior of vehicles with air passing into the cabin. It accumulates mainly in the area of the driver and the passengers heads. In this paper the results of the research of volatile organic compounds concentration inside two different passenger cars in simulated traffic congestion conditions are presented. The study involved vehicles of various ages: new (2011) and old (1999). On the basis of the study the driver exposure inside these vehicles to the impact of volatile organic compounds has been evaluated.

scholarly journals A comparative experimental study on engine operating on premixed charge compression ignition and compression ignition mode

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 Part B) ◽  
pp. 441-449
Author(s):  
Girish Bhiogade ◽  
Jiwak Suryawanshi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines ◽  
Compression Ignition Combustion

New combustion concepts have been recently developed with the purpose to tackle the problem of high emissions level of traditional direct injection Diesel engines. A good example is the premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A strategy in which early injection is used causing a burning process in which the fuel burns in the premixed condition. In compression ignition engines, soot (particulate matter) and NOx emissions are an extremely unsolved issue. Premixed charge compression ignition is one of the most promising solutions that combine the advantages of both spark ignition and compression ignition combustion modes. It gives thermal efficiency close to the compression ignition engines and resolves the associated issues of high NOx and particulate matter, simultaneously. Premixing of air and fuel preparation is the challenging part to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. In the present experimental study a diesel vaporizer is used to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A vaporized diesel fuel was mixed with the air to form premixed charge and inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke. Low diesel volatility remains the main obstacle in preparing premixed air-fuel mixture. Exhaust gas re-circulation can be used to control the rate of heat release. The objective of this study is to reduce exhaust emission levels with maintaining thermal efficiency close to compression ignition engine.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols in Wuhan, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1393
Author(s):  
Qianjun Mao ◽  
Fangyuan Cheng ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate

Air pollution has a significant impact on the use of solar energy. On the one hand, the polluted environment directly reduces the intensity of solar radiation, on the other hand, pollution of the environment will also reduce the life of the equipment. Therefore, mastering the dynamic characteristics of the atmospheric environment has certain guiding significance for the efficient utilization of solar energy. In this study, the concentrations of particulate matter, CO, SO2 and NO2 from Tianyun big data website are analyzed to obtain the general characteristics of particulate pollution in Wuhan. At the same time, a long-period sampling atmospheric particulate matter sampler in the Huangjiahu area of Wuhan has been used, and experimental analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples has been obtained. The results show that both PM2.5 and PM10 show obvious seasonal changes, and the concentration of the four anions during the sampling period is SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > F−. During the sampling period, atmospheric particulate matter is mainly composed of organic matter, inorganic anions and oxides of more than 20 elements. The results of the enrichment factor analysis show that elements such as Br, Pb, Sb and Zn are the main enriched elements during the sampling period. The enrichment factors of these elements are 246.43 ± 168.81, 133.28 ± 115.03, 403.305 ± 396.18 and 90.67 ± 67.01, respectively. The high enrichment of these elements also reflects the contribution of motor vehicle exhaust emission during the sampling period. Traffic source is the main emission source in the Huangjiahu area of Wuhan. This research has a certain guiding significance for many industries such as energy utilization, environmental monitoring, health care, transportation and so on.

Particulate matter emission modelling based on soot and SOF from direct injection diesel engines

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 510-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.Q. Tan ◽  
Z.Y. Hu ◽  
K.Y. Deng ◽  
J.X. Lu ◽  
D.M. Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Matter Emission ◽  
Emission Modelling

scholarly journals Effects of the Particulate Matter Index and Particulate Evaluation Index of the Primary Reference Fuel on Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaowei Zhao ◽  
Xinghu Li ◽  
Shouxin Hu ◽  
Chenfei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Particulate Number

The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the range of particulate mass (PM) and particulate number (PN) results from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles by using four test fuels with a range of particulate matter index (PMI) from 1.38 to 2.39 and particulate evaluation index (PEI) from 0.89 to 1.92. The properties of four test fuels were analyzed with detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). Two passenger cars with a GDI engine were tested with four test fuels by conducting the China 6 test procedure, which is equivalent to the worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP). When the fuels could meet the China 6 primary reference fuel standard with PMI from 1.38 to 2.04 and PEI from 0.89 to 1.59, the PM variation of Vehicle B was from 1.94 mg/km to 3.32 mg/km and of Vehicle A was from 2.55 mg/km to 4.15 mg/km, respectively. In addition, the PN variation of Vehicle B was from 1.57 × 1012 #/km to 3.38 × 1012 #/km and of Vehicle A was from 3.02 × 1012 #/km to 4.80 × 1012 #/km. It was noted that the two different cars had a unique response and sensitivity by using the different fuels, but PMI and PEI did trend with both the PM and the PN response. All PM and PN results from the two cars had an excellent correlation R2 > 0.94 with PMI and R2 > 0.90 with PEI. Therefore, PMI/PEI would be the appropriate specification for sooting tendency in reference fuel standards of emission regulations.

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