Continuous citrate‐capped gold nanoparticle synthesis in a two‐phase flow reactor

AbstractA continuous manufacturing platform was developed for the synthesis of aqueous colloidal 10–20 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a flow reactor using chloroauric acid, sodium citrate and citric acid at 95 oC and 2.3 bar(a) pressure. The use of a two-phase flow system – using heptane as the continuous phase – prevented fouling on the reactor walls, while improving the residence time distribution. Continuous syntheses for up to 2 h demonstrated its potential application for continuous manufacturing, while live quality control was established using online UV-Vis photospectrometry that monitored the particle size and process yield. The synthesis was stable and reproducible over time for gold precursor concentration above 0.23 mM (after mixing), resulting in average particle size between 12 and 15 nm. A hydrophobic membrane separator provided successful separation of the aqueous and organic phases and collection of colloidal Au NPs in flow. Process yield increased at higher inlet flow rates (from 70 % to almost 100 %), due to lower residence time of the colloidal solution in the separator resulting in less fouling in the PTFE membrane. This study addresses the challenges for the translation of the synthesis from batch to flow and provides tools for the development of a continuous manufacturing platform for gold nanoparticles.Graphical abstract

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Residence time distribution in two-phase flow mini-channel reactor

Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.056 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 174 (2-3) ◽

pp. 652-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haiguang Zhang ◽

Shengwei Tang ◽

Bin Liang

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Time Distribution ◽

Residence Time Distribution ◽

Two Phase Flow ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Channel Reactor ◽

Two Phase

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Stationary states of a two-phase flow reactor

Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves ◽

10.1007/bf00798145 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 553-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. L. Genkin ◽

P. L. Gusika ◽

L. P. Yarin

Keyword(s):

Two Phase Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Stationary States ◽

Two Phase

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Rapid and Mild Synthesis of Au-NHC Complexes in a Simple Two-Phase Flow Reactor

10.26434/chemrxiv.14394773.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Helgi Freyr Jónsson ◽

Anne Fiksdahl ◽

Andrew Harvie

Keyword(s):

Two Phase Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Direct Synthesis ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Rapid Synthesis ◽

Two Phase ◽

Second Stage ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Common Problems

<p>We describe a simple two-phase flow reactor which allows for the efficient and rapid synthesis of several Au(I)-NHC complexes under mild conditions, with minimal workup, and avoiding common problems with decomposition to Au(0). An optional second stage allows for direct synthesis of Au(III)-NHC complexes, without isolation of the Au(I)-NHC intermediate.</p>

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Effects of particle size on two-phase flow loss in aluminized solid rocket motors

Acta Astronautica ◽

10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.03.022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 33-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ziyan Li ◽

Ningfei Wang ◽

Baolu Shi ◽

Shipeng Li ◽

Rongjie Yang

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Two Phase Flow ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Two Phase ◽

Solid Rocket Motors ◽

Rocket Motors ◽

Flow Loss ◽

Solid Rocket

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Turbulence Structure of a Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Jet by Means of Laser Techniques

Volume 1: Fora, Parts A, B, C, and D ◽

10.1115/fedsm2003-45495 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Toshimichi Arai ◽

Naoki Kudo ◽

Tsuneaki Ishima ◽

Ismail M. Youssef ◽

Tomio Obokata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Single Phase ◽

Two Phase Flow ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Water Phase ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Size Discrimination ◽

Single Phase Flow ◽

Particle Volume ◽

Two Phase

Characteristics on particle motion in a liquid-solid two-phase jet flow were studied in the paper. The water jet including glass particle of 389 μm in mean diameter was injected into water bath. The experimental conditions were 0.21% of initial particle volume ratio, 5mm in pipe diameter and 1.84 m/s of mean velocity on outlet of the jet. A laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) with size discrimination was applied for measuring the time serious velocities of the single-phase flow, particle and water phase flow. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) was also applied in the two-phase flow. The normal PIV method can hardly measure the particle size and perform the particle size discrimination. In the experiment, using the gray scales related with the scattering light intensity, measuring method with size discrimination in two-phase flow was carried out. The experimental results show less difference between velocities of single-phase flow and water-phase flow under this low particle volume ratio condition. Particles have the relative motion with the water-phase and large rms velocity. The PIV used in this experiment, which is called multi-intensity-layer-PIV: MILP, can measure water-phase velocity with good accuracy.

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Particle Behaviors Under Acceleration Condition in Solid-Air Two Phase Flow

18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering: Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/icone18-30347 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Tong Zhao ◽

Masahiro Takei

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Acceleration ◽

Loading Condition ◽

Two Phase Flow ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Particle Loading ◽

Initial Particle ◽

Two Phase ◽

Calculation Region

This paper presents a numerical study of the particle behaviors under acceleration conditions in the solid-air two-phase flow by means of a combined two-dimensional model of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The simulation model provides the information regarding the particle distribution behaviors within the calculation region and the particle run-out rate from the calculation region under different parameter conditions, such as particle size, initial particle loading and particle acceleration condition. The results demonstrate that the particle run-out rate is directly influenced by the particle size and the initial loading condition. The particle acceleration in the horizontal direction adversely affects the particle run-out rate when the initial particle loading condition is dispersed and uniform. However, this adverse effect disappears when the initial particle loading condition becomes concentrate and partial.

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