Control of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton is important to reduce the spread and severity of huanglongbing (HLB) (citrus greening) and citrus canker diseases, respectively. Insecticides are critical for the management of these pests. We therefore conducted two replicated experiments using spray treatments containing single or multiple modes of action (MoA) insecticides to reduce the incidence of these two pests in bearing citrus. Tank mixing in 47 L·ha−1 (5 gal/acre) of water with synthetic plant terpenes (Requiem 25 EC, Unknown MoA) or adjuvant petroleum oil (PureSpray Green, Unknown MoA) did not improve the effectiveness of the pyrethroid zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max 0.15 EC, MoA 3A) against D. citri. Its control with flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL MoA 4D) and PureSpray Green in 935 L·ha−1 (100 gal/acre) water was similar to Mustang Max 0.15 EC and Requiem 25 EC, but mixtures did not provide better control than Mustang Max 0.15 EC alone. Phyllocnistis citrella was controlled only with Sivanto 200 SL and PureSpray Green and Requiem 25 EC alone. The addition of cyantraniliprole (group 28 MoA in A16971 premixed with thiamethoxam MoA 4A), pymetrozine (Fulfill 50 WDG, MoA 9B), or abamectin (Agri-Mek SC, MoA 6) did not improve and in many cases reduced the performance of thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG, MoA 4A) against D. citri and P. citrella. These results demonstrated no advantage to single applications of multiple MoAs over the most effective active ingredients when applied alone for control of D. citri or P. citrella. Therefore, rotations of these active ingredients would be preferable to mixtures to avoid selection for resistance against multiple MoAs by any one application.
α-Latrotoxin Alters Spontaneous and Depolarization-Evoked Quantal Release from Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells: Evidence for Multiple Modes of Action
