Degradation of chlorophyll a to pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, and pyrroporphine XV for tracer studies

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Wickliff ◽  
S. Aronoff
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
Pheophytin A

Reduction of the Formyl Group of Zinc Pheophorbide b in vitro and in vivo: a Model for the Chlorophyll b to a Transformation

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Scheumann ◽  
Michael Helfrich ◽  
Siegrid Schoch ◽  
Wolfhart Rüdiger
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Formyl Group ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
H Nmr

Abstract The chemical reduction of the formyl group of pheophorbide b with sodium cyanoborohy­ dride in methanol leads to 71-methoxy-and 71-hydroxy-pheophorbide a. The same reaction with zinc pheophorbide b yields in addition zinc pheophorbide a. This was characterized by mass and 1H -NMR spectroscopy. Infiltration of zinc pheophorbides a and b and of zinc 71-hydroxy-pheophorbide a into etiolated oat leaves yielded phytylated products. The best yield in the esterification was obtained with 71-hydroxy-pheophorbide a. Analysis of the products revealed the formation of zinc pheophytin a from all infiltrated compounds. The significance for the transformation of chlorophyll b into chlorophyll a is discussed.

Absorption Coefficients of Chlorophyll Derivatives

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seward R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Laboratory Cultures ◽  
Chlorophyll Derivatives

Methods are described for the isolation of chlorophylls a and b, and for the preparation of 12 chlorophyll derivatives, including crystalline pheophorbide a, from these starting compounds. Laboratory cultures of Chlorella were fed C14O2. After 9 days growth the cells were heat-killed, their pigments extracted, and chlorophylls a and b isolated chromatographically. The following C14-labelled compounds were prepared: chlorophyll a, allomerized chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a, pheophytin a, allomerized pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, methyl pheophorbide a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyllide b, methyl chlorophyllide b, allomerized chlorophyllide b, allomerized methyl chlorophyllide b, pheophorbide b, and allomerized pheophorbide b. Assuming uniform distribution of carbon-14 label in the parent chlorophyll molecules, specific and molar absorption coefficients were calculated from the specific radioactivities of these derivatives.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM PHOSPHATE ON THE EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-LIKE PIGMENTS AFTER THERMAL PROCESSING OF SPINACH PUREE

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 456-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Fleischman ◽  
F. M. Clydesdale ◽  
F. J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
Green Color

Because buffers are important in maintaining green color in vegetable purees, a study was undertaken to determine if sodium phosphate and/or magnesium carbonate would effect extraction of some or all of the chlorophyll-like pigments in spinach puree and thus interfere with their analysis. Samples were prepared with and without addition of the above additives and pigment analyses were carried out for chlorophylls, chlorophyllides, pheophytins, and pheophorbides. It was found that addition of sodium phosphate and/or magnesium carbonate prior to blanching and processing caused chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, and pheophorbide b to be bound to some extent. Pheophytin b was unaffected Chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a, and chlorophyllide b were present in such small quantities that no conclusions could be drawn about their extractability. This phenomenon is an important consideration in the analysis of chlorophyll-like pigments in buffered systems and also might supply a suitable means for removal of chlorophyll-like pigments from foods and beverages where the color they impart is undesirable.

Single-site absorption spectroscopy of pheophytin-a and chlorophyll-a in a n-octane matrix

1980 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Platenkamp ◽  
H.J. Den Blanken ◽  
A.J. Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Pheophytin A

Interactions between Photosynthetic Pigments Bound to Lipid and Protein Particles. Spectroscopic Properties

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 582-587
Author(s):  
Framçoise Techy ◽  
Monique Dinant ◽  
Jacques Aghion
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Protein Particles ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract The spectroscopic (visible) properties of pigment-bearing lipid and protein particles extract­ ed from milk show that: 1) chlorophylls a and b bound to separate particles can form aggregates provided their relative concentration is high enough. Neither pheophytin a nor β-carotene, in the same conditions, form observable aggregates. 2) Chlorophylls a and b can co-aggregate when they are bound to the same particles. Pheophytin a as well as β-carotene seem to prevent the aggregation of chlorophyll a. β-carotene has no effect on the aggregation of chlorophyll b.

scholarly journals Photosystem Disorder Could be the Key Cause for the Formation of Albino Leaf Phenotype in Pecan

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6137
Author(s):  
Ji-Yu Zhang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Zhan-Hui Jia ◽  
Zhong-Ren Guo ◽  
Yong-Zhi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Chlorophyll Degradation ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
Photosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Almost All

Pecan is one of the most famous nut species in the world. The phenotype of mutants with albino leaves was found in the process of seeding pecan, providing ideal material for the study of the molecular mechanisms leading to the chlorina phenotype in plants. Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in albino leaves (ALs) were significantly lower than those in green leaves (GLs). A total of 5171 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparison of ALs vs. GLs using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing; 2216 DEGs (42.85%) were upregulated and 2955 DEGs (57.15%) were downregulated. The expressions of genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis (HEMA1, encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase; ChlH, encoding Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase (Mg-chelatase) H subunit; CRD, encoding Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethylester cyclase; POR, encoding protochlorophyllide reductase) in ALs were significantly lower than those in GLs. However, the expressions of genes related to chlorophyll degradation (PAO, encoding pheophorbide a oxygenase) in ALs were significantly higher than those in GLs, indicating that disturbance of chlorophyll a biosynthesis and intensification of chlorophyll degradation lead to the absence of chlorophyll in ALs of pecan. A total of 72 DEGs associated with photosynthesis pathway were identified in ALs compared to GLs, including photosystem I (15), photosystem II (19), cytochrome b6-f complex (3), photosynthetic electron transport (6), F-type ATPase (7), and photosynthesis-antenna proteins (22). Moreover, almost all the genes (68) mapped in the photosynthesis pathway showed decreased expression in ALs compared to GLs, declaring that the photosynthetic system embedded within the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast was disturbed in ALs of pecan. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the phenotype of chlorina seedlings of pecan.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of the Marine Alga Isochrysis galbana from Taiwan

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Cheng Yu ◽  
Hsiao-Wei Chen ◽  
Mao-Jing Chen ◽  
Yu-Ching Chang ◽  
Shih-Chang Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Tetradecanoic Acid ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
Marine Microalga ◽  
Soluble Components

The present study investigated the chemical composition of Isochrysis galbana Parke, a marine microalga which is widely used as a feedstock in aquaculture. From gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis the mono-sugar compositions of I. galbana were 2.1% fucose, 2.5% rhamnose, 2.7% arabinose, 8.5% xylose, 15.7% mannose, 32.7% galactose and 35.8% glucose. The polysaccharides of I. galbana were able to induce prointerleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) protein expression within murine macrophages. Furthermore, five kinds of chlorophyll and one sterol were separated from the ethanolic extracts, including pheophorbide-a, ethyl pheophorbide-a, 10 S-10-hydroxypheophytin-a, 10 R-10-hydroxypheophytin-a, (132- R)-pheophytin-a, and brassicasterol. In addition, the major soluble components of the ethanol /n-hexane extract were 9-octadecenoic acid ( E) (38.4%), hexadecanoic acid (23.3%), tetradecanoic acid (15.7%), and octadecanoic acid (7.2%), but only a few polyunsaturated fatty acids were found, such as 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (1.9%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid ( Z, Z) (3.4%), and docosahexaenoic acid (0.2%). This is the first occasion that polysaccharides from I. galbana have been demonstrated to exert immunomodulatory properties by the induction of IL-1 within macrophages.

THE PHASE TEST INTERMEDIATE AND THE ALLOMERIZATION OF CHLOROPHYLL a

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra

The phase test intermediate of methyl chlorophyllide a is generated in organic solvents by alkoxyl and hydroxyl ions. The intermediate is oxidized by oxygen and such oxidants as iodine, p-benzoquinone, and potassium permanganate. Different products are obtained depending on the solvent, the base used to generate the intermediate, and the oxidant. Three fractions are obtained from methanol containing oxygen and traces of magnesium methoxide. These are (1) Mg-purpurin 7-trimethyl ester, (2) Mg-purpurin 7-lactone-methyl ether-dimethyl ester, and (3) Mg-10-oxy-methyl pheophorbide a. The first and third fractions each make up 10–15% of the total oxidized pigment. Mg-"unstable" chlorin diester is obtained by oxidation with potassium permanganate of the phase test intermediate generated in pyridine by aqueous potassium hydroxide. Mg-10-methoxy-methyl pheophorbide a is obtained by oxidation with iodine of the phase test intermediate generated in methanol by magnesium methoxide (ca. 7%, w/v). It is concluded that allomerization of chlorophyll in alcoholic solution is due to oxidation by oxygen of traces of phase test intermediate.The visible and infrared absorption spectra of the allomerized derivatives are presented and discussed.

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