Amino acids and ammonia in the cerebral cortex, the corpus striatum and the brain stem of the mouse prior to the onset and after a seizure induced by hyperbaric oxygen

1995 ◽  
Vol 676 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mialon ◽  
P. Joanny ◽  
R. Gibey ◽  
C. Cann-Moisan ◽  
J. Caroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
The Brain

Concepts, Conferences, and Controversies

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-31
Author(s):  
Alan J. McComas
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Science ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

This chapter outlines the history of research meetings dealing with consciousness, beginning with that hosted by Herbert Jasper in the Laurentian mountains of Quebec in 1953. It starts, however, with a brief discussion on ancient scientific approaches to medicine, which was jump-started by the Greek physician, Hippocrates. Afterward, the chapter skips forward two millennia to major figures who made breakthroughs in the field of brain science. It also touches on a central debate that reached its climax a little later, as to which part of the brain was responsible for consciousness. The chapter considers whether it was the cerebral cortex, as had been the prevailing assumption, or if it was the brain stem.

scholarly journals Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Guillery
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Axonal Branching ◽  
Action And Perception ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

Recent observations of single axons and review of older literature show that axons afferent to the thalamus commonly branch, sending one branch to the thalamus and another to a motor or premotor center of the brain stem. That is, the messages that the thalamus relays to the cerebral cortex can be regarded as copies of motor instructions. This pattern of axonal branching is reviewed, particularly for the somatosensory and the visual pathways. The extent to which this anatomical evidence relates to views that link action to perception is explored. Most pathways going through the thalamus to the cortex are already involved in motor mechanisms. These motor links occur before and during activity in the parallel and hierarchical corticocortical circuitry that currently forms the focus of many studies of perceptual processing.

Excitatory amino acids modulate epileptogenesis in the brain stem

Neuroreport ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1777-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeev Elazar ◽  
Alex Berchanski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acids ◽  
The Brain

Spontaneous Rem Behaviors in a Microcephalic Infant

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Harmon ◽  
Robert N. Emde
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Tentative Conclusion ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cerebral Structures

A microcephalic human newborn exhibited a repertoire of spontaneous REM behaviors, including REM smiling, at rates characteristic of a normal newborn comparison group. Cyclical alternations between behavioral REM and non-REM states were also documented. A detailed post-mortem examination supported an inference that this infant had severely impaired functioning of cerebral cortex and limbic system during its brief postuterine life. The findings support a tentative conclusion that the observed spontaneous REM behaviors are mediated through the brain stem and that cerebral structures, including the limbic system, are not necessary for this mediation. The findings are also consistent with previous evidence that the seat of organization of REM and non-REM sleep is in the brain stem.

scholarly journals Changes in neurotransmitter levels associated with the deficiency of some essential amino acids in the diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Venero ◽  
Antonio J. Herrera ◽  
Alberto Machado ◽  
Josefina Cano
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Serotoninergic System ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Brain

The contents of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured in rat substantia nigra and corpus striatum following dietary changes, including restriction of protein content (low-protein diet; LPD) and the contents of several large neutral amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine) for 25 d. The LPD produced an increase in the concentration of tyrosine (TYR) in the two regions of the brain studied. This effect was also observed with all amino acid deficiencies studied except for valine in the substantia nigra, tryptophan in the striatum and phenylalanine in both regions. Likewise, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main metabolite of 5-HT, increased in the substantia nigra but not in the striatum after LPD, as well as with all the amino acid deficiencies studied, with the exception of tryptophan deficiency. In this case there was a dramatic effect on all components of the serotoninergic system, with decreases in the concentration of tryptophan (TRP; precursor), 5-HT and 5-HIAA. This behaviour clearly shows an interrelationship between precursor (TRP) availability and 5-HT synthesis and metabolism. With valine deficiency, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems demonstrated opposite effects in the substantia nigra and the corpus striatum, and the behaviour of the two monoamines was also opposite within each structure. The significance of these changes is discussed.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SINGLE COMPLEX INTOXICATION WITH MORPHINE AND ALCOHOL ON THE CONTENT OF NEUROACTIVE AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-596
Author(s):  
I. M. Velichko ◽  
◽  
S. V. Lelevich ◽  
V. V. Lelevich ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neuroactive Amino Acids ◽  
Excitation Processes ◽  
The Brain

Background. Cases of combined consumption of surfactants (alcohol and opiates) in both the adult population and adolescents are quite common at present. An important role in the functional activity of the central nervous system is played by neuroactive amino acids, the level of which changes under the influence of psychotropic substances.Purpose. To study the content of neuroactive amino acids in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and cerebellum in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as the complex administration of these substances.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method in different parts of the brain, the levels of neurogenic amino acids were determined in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as their complex administration in different sections.Results. Acute complex morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by manifestation of excitation processes in the striatum and hypothalamus, as well as inhibition in the midbrain. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in the content of GABA in all brain regions studied except the hypothalamus.Conclusion. Morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by a decrease in the glycine content in the striatum, as well as an increase in its concentration in the midbrain and the level of glutamate in the hypothalamus. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in GABA levels in the cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain and cerebellum.

Awaking the Cortex

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Alan J. McComas
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
The Brain

This chapter tells the story of the discovery of the reticular activating system. At the same time, the chapter traces various attempts to address the larger question of “waking” the cortex and bringing it to a state of consciousness. It turns to two scientists, Horace Magoun and Giuseppe Moruzzi, both of whom conducted experiments to explore the possible effects on the cerebral cortex of stimulating the brain stem. Since the brain’s reticular formation ended just below the thalamus on either side, it was logical to see if it might alter cortical excitability. The chapter shows how Magoun and Moruzzi came to the conclusion that, through its action on the excitability of the cortex, the reticular formation could control the wakefulness of the brain.

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