Interaction of plasma colloid osmotic pressure and joint fluid pressure across the endothelium-synovium layer: Significance of extravascular resistance

1988 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Levick ◽  
A.D. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Joint Fluid ◽  
Extravascular Resistance

Influence of hydrostatic pressure gradients on regulation of plasma volume after exercise

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Mack ◽  
Roger Yang ◽  
Alan R. Hargens ◽  
Kei Nagashima ◽  
Andrew Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Immediate Recovery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The impact of posture on the immediate recovery of intravascular fluid and protein after intense exercise was determined in 14 volunteers. Forces which govern fluid and protein movement in muscle interstitial fluid pressure (PISF), interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (COPi), and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COPp) were measured before and after exercise in the supine or upright position. During exercise, plasma volume (PV) decreased by 5.7 ± 0.7 and 7.0 ± 0.5 ml/kg body weight in the supine and upright posture, respectively. During recovery, PV returned to its baseline value within 30 min regardless of posture. PV fell below this level by 60 and 120 min in the supine and upright posture, respectively ( P < 0.05). Maintenance of PV in the upright position was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure, an increase in COPp (from 25 ± 1 to 27 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.05), and an increase in PISF (from 5 ± 1 to 6 ± 2 mmHg), whereas COPi was unchanged. Increased PISFindicates that the hydrostatic pressure gradient favors fluid movement into the vascular space. However, retention of the recaptured fluid in the plasma is promoted only in the upright posture because of increased COPp.

Transcapillary Starling forces using membrane osmometry

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (6) ◽  
pp. H886-H888
Author(s):  
J. L. Christian ◽  
R. A. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Pressure ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

Membrane osmometry was used to estimate the four transcapillary Starling pressures in subcutaneous tissue of rats, guinea pigs, and dogs. Isolated subcutaneous tissue samples were either placed on a large-pore or small-pore osmometer that measured the interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) and the difference between the interstitial fluid pressure and the interstitial protein osmotic pressure (Pif-pi if), respectively. The colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid (pi if) was obtained from the difference in these two pressures. A plasma sample placed on the small-pore osmometer yielded the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins (pi c). Finally the capillary pressure (Pc) was calculated from the three other Starling forces. In the rat, guinea pig, and dog, respectively, the estimated Starling forces were as follows: Pif -2.2, -2.1, and -4.8 mmHg; pi if, 7.3, 4.8, and 4.4 mmHg; pi c, 21.3, 19.5, and 19.2 mmHg; and Pc, 11.8, 12.6, and 10.0 mmHg. A comparison with data obtained in other studies using different methods shows good agreement and strongly supports membrane osmometry as a method for measuring the Starling pressures in subcutaneous tissue.

Edema in Spawning Salmon

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2538-2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Hargens ◽  
M. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Wick Technique ◽  
Total Body

Salmon develop edema during their spawning migration from the sea to fresh water. As measured by the wick technique, fluid pressure in both subcutaneous and peritoneal compartments rises from negative values at sea to positive values in rivers. Concomitantly, blood colloid osmotic pressure falls during the spawning migration. Some of the degenerative changes leading to the death of postspawning salmon probably result from the total-body edema herein described.

Evaluation of the Starling Fluid Flux Equation

Physiology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Taylor ◽  
MI Townsley
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Fluid Flux ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference ◽  
Absorption Theory

It is commonly thought that fluid is filtered in the arterial and is absorbed in the venous end of the capillary, cuased by the considerable hydrostatic pressure difference between the arterial and the venous end, while the transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure difference remains nearly constant. We now know that extravascular forces, i.e., tissue fluid pressure, tissue colloid osmotic pressure, and lymph flow, are dynamic factors that change to oppose transcapillary fluid movement. Therefore, the filtration-absorption theory will apply only transiently until the tissue forces readjust.

Lowering of interstitial fluid pressure in rat submandibular gland: a novel mechanism in saliva secretion

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (4) ◽  
pp. H1460-H1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Berggreen ◽  
Helge Wiig
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Pressure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fluid Filtration

The submandibular gland transports fluid at a high rate through the interstitial space during salivation, but the exact level of all forces governing transcapillary fluid transport has not been established. In this study, our aim was to measure the relation between interstitial fluid volume (Vi) and interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) in salivary glands during active secretion and after systemically induced passive changes in gland hydration. We tested whether interstitial fluid could be isolated by tissue centrifugation to enable measurement of interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure. During control conditions, Vi averaged 0.23 ml/g wet wt (SD 0.014), with a corresponding mean Pif measured with micropipettes of 3.0 mmHg (SD 1.3). After induction of secretion by pilocarpine, Pif dropped by 3.8 mmHg (SD 1.5) whereas Vi was unchanged. During dehydration and overhydration of up to 20% increase of Vi above control, a linear relation was found between volume and pressure, resulting in a compliance (ΔVi/ΔPif) of 0.012 ml·g wet wt−1·mmHg−1. Interstitial fluid was isolated, and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure averaged 10.4 mmHg (SD 1.2), which is 64% of the corresponding level in plasma. We conclude that Pif drops during secretion and, thereby, increases the net transcapillary pressure gradient, a condition that favors fluid filtration and increases the amount of fluid available for secretion. The reduction in Pif is most likely induced by contraction of myoepithelial cells and suggests an active and new role for these cells in salivary secretion. The relatively low interstitial compliance of the organ will enhance the effect of the myoepithelial cells on Pif during reduced Vi.

Tissue pressure and plasma oncotic pressure during exercise

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mohsenin ◽  
R. R. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Pressure ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Base Line

Six healthy male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer for 3 min for assessment of forces involved in transvascular fluid shift during intense exercise. The work load was at 105% of peak O2 uptake of the subjects. This caused a 17.2 +/- 1.2% reduction in plasma volume. The plasma volume loss was associated with an increase in plasma sodium, from 142.6 +/- 0.5 to 148.1 +/- 1.0 meq X 1(-1) (P less than 0.005); chloride, from 101.8 +/- 0.6 to 104.6 +/- 0.9 meq X 1(-1) (P less than 0.005); lactate, from 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 14.0 +/- 1.5 meq X 1(-1) (P less than 0.005); and osmolality, from 283 +/- 2 to 299 +/- 3 mosmol X kg-1 H2O (P less than 0.005) within 2 min after cessation of exercise. Plasma protein increased from 7.0 +/- 0.2 to 8.1 +/- 0.3 g X dl-1 (P less than 0.005), and plasma colloid osmotic pressure from 25.1 +/- 0.6 to 30.6 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P less than 0.005) after exercise. Interstitial fluid pressure in the exercising vastus lateralis muscle increased from a base-line value (SE) of -1.0 +/- 0.9 to + 1.5 +/- 1.1 cmH2O, 14 min after the end of exercise (P less than 0.05). Interstitial fluid pressure of the triceps brachii (inactive) did not change significantly after exercise. Our data suggest that increased transvascular colloid osmotic pressure and elevation of interstitial fluid pressure become increasingly important in preventing loss of plasma volume during maximal exercise.

Interaction of transcapillary Starling forces in the isolated dog forelimb

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (1) ◽  
pp. H136-H140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace ◽  
A. C. Guyton
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Pressure ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Intact Limb

Three of the four Starling forces were measured in the intact dog forelimb after anesthetization and all four of the Starling forces were measured in the same forelimb which was surgically isolated yet innervated. In the isolated forelimb, isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) averaged 15.6 mmHg; colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins (IIp) averaged 19.9 mmHg; mean interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) was +0.4 mmHg, and the average value of interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (IIif) was 4.9 mmHg. Thus the net imbalance in the Starling forces, i.e., (Pci - Pif) - (IIp - IIif), averaged 0.3 mmHg. Furthermore, the value of IIif was consistently decreased after isolation (average decrease of 1.2 mmHg) while Pif was always increased following isolation (average increase of 4.3 mmHg). In addition, it was found that if the forelimb was denervated during isolation, then Pif was increased by an average of 2 mmHg above Pif in the innervated, isolated forelimb. In summary, these studies show that the differences between the intact and isolated forelimb are that Pci averages 10-11 mmHg in the intact forelimb and 15-16 mmHg in the isolated innervated forelimb while interstitial fluid pressure is negative in the intact limb and positive in the isolated limb.

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