Susceptibility of a new world monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) to an old world simian malarial parasite (Plasmodium knowlesi)

ABSTRACT TRIM5α has been shown to be a major postentry determinant of the host range for gammaretroviruses and lentiviruses and, more recently, spumaviruses. However, the restrictive potential of TRIM5α against other retroviruses has been largely unexplored. We sought to determine whether or not Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), a prototype betaretrovirus isolated from rhesus macaques, was sensitive to restriction by TRIM5α. Cell lines from both Old World and New World primate species were screened for their susceptibility to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped M-PMV. All of the cell lines tested that were established from Old World primates were found to be susceptible to M-PMV infection. However, fibroblasts established from three New World monkey species specifically resisted infection by this virus. Exogenously expressing TRIM5α from either tamarin or squirrel monkeys in permissive cell lines resulted in a block to M-PMV infection. Restriction in the resistant cell line of spider monkey origin was determined to occur at a postentry stage. However, spider monkey TRIM5α expression in permissive cells failed to restrict M-PMV infection, and interference with endogenous TRIM5α in the spider monkey fibroblasts failed to relieve the block to infectivity. Our results demonstrate that TRIM5α specificity extends to betaretroviruses and suggest that New World monkeys have evolved additional mechanisms to restrict the infection of at least one primate betaretrovirus.

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The Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision by Opsin Gene Duplication in New World and Old World Primates

Genome Research ◽

10.1101/gr.9.7.629 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 629-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kanwaljit S. Dulai ◽

Miranda von Dornum ◽

John D. Mollon ◽

David M. Hunt

Keyword(s):

Gene Duplication ◽

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Howler Monkey ◽

Opsin Gene ◽

Upstream Region ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Upstream Side ◽

Link Type

Trichromacy in all Old World primates is dependent on separate X-linked MW and LW opsin genes that are organized into a head-to-tail tandem array flanked on the upstream side by a locus control region (LCR). The 5′ regions of these two genes show homology for only the first 236 bp, although within this region, the differences are conserved in humans, chimpanzees, and two species of cercopithecoid monkeys. In contrast, most New World primates have only a single polymorphic X-linked opsin gene; all males are dichromats and trichromacy is achieved only in those females that possess a different form of this gene on each X chromosome. By sequencing the upstream region of this gene in a New World monkey, the marmoset, we have been able to demonstrate the presence of an LCR in an equivalent position to that in Old World primates. Moreover, the marmoset sequence shows extensive homology from the coding region to the LCR with the upstream sequence of the human LW gene, a distance of >3 kb, whereas homology with the human MW gene is again limited to the first 236 bp, indicating that the divergent MW sequence identifies the site of insertion of the duplicated gene. This is further supported by the presence of an incomplete Alu element on the upstream side of this insertion point in the MW gene of both humans and a cercopithecoid monkey, with additional Alu elements present further upstream. Therefore, these Aluelements may have been involved in the initial gene duplication and may also be responsible for the high frequency of gene loss and gene duplication within the opsin gene array. Full trichromacy is present in one species of New World monkey, the howler monkey, in which separate MW and LW genes are again present. In contrast to the separate genes in humans, however, the upstream sequences of the two howler genes show homology with the marmoset for at least 600 bp, which is well beyond the point of divergence of the human MW and LW genes, and each sequence is associated with a different LCR, indicating that the duplication in the howler monkey involved the entire upstream region.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AF155218, AF156715, and AF156716.]

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The transport of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in a New World monkey

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1510193 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 151 (1) ◽

pp. 193-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A W Hay

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Transport Protein ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Protein Binding Assay ◽

Competitive Protein Binding Assay ◽

Gel Isoelectric Focusing ◽

25 Hydroxycholecalciferol

Albumin is responsible for the transport of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the Capuchin monkey. This was confirmed by gel filtration, analytical polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide-gel isoelectric focusing and a competitive protein-binding assay. Association constants of the serum transport proteins of a New and an Old World monkey towards 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were calculated; the transport protein in the New World monkey has a lower affinity for the vitamin D metabolite than the transport protein in the Old World primate.

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The morphology and distribution of horizontal cells in the retina of a New World monkey, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus: A comparison with macaque monkey

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523800008828 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 125-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Tricia L. Chan ◽

Ann K. Goodchild ◽

Paul R. Martin

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Macaque Monkey ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

Horizontal Cells ◽

Field Size ◽

Dendritic Field ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

H1 Cells

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of horizontal cells was studied in the retina of a New World monkey, the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, and compared with that of the Old World macaque monkey. Horizontal cells in macaque and marmoset were either labelled with the carbocyanine dye, Dil, and then photoconverted, or were labelled by intracellular injection with Neurobiotin. The marmoset has two types of horizontal cell, H1 and H2, which have dendritic and axonal morphology similar to their counterparts in Old World monkeys and human. The dendritic-field size of both cell types increases with distance from the fovea. Both types make contact with the vast majority of the cones within their dendritic field. The dendrites of H1 cells in marmoset contact almost twice as many cones as H1 cells in macaque at an equivalent eccentricity. With increasing distance from the fovea, H1 cells make contact with more cones but have, on average, fewer terminal knobs inserted in each cone. The increase in dendritic-field area of H1 cells is balanced by a decrease in spatial density (from 4500 cells/mm2 at 25 deg eccentricity to 1000 cells/mm2 in far peripheral retina), so coverage of the retina remains fairly constant, between 5 and 8. Overall, the results show that the qualitative morphological properties, as well as quantitative population properties of horizontal cells, are common to both New World and Old World primates.

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A Simian View of the Oldowan

Squeezing Minds From Stones ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190854614.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 13-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William C. McGrew ◽

Tiago Falótico ◽

Michael D. Gumert ◽

Eduardo B. Ottoni

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Lithic Technology ◽

Stone Tools ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Old World Monkey ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Human Material

Findings from field primatology show that three living primate genera—ape (Pan), Old World monkey (Macaca), and New World monkey (Sapajus)—use elementary lithic technology to obtain and process food in nature. All three taxa use stone tools, producing enduring artifacts with distinctive archaeological signatures. In a comparison we show that each taxon has its own suite of tools, both organic and inorganic. All use percussion, but there are differences in the number and type of other tools in each taxon. Our assessment also allows for point-by-point comparisons with the early toolkits of extinct hominins, and here we compare to the Oldowan. This broader comparison shows that modeling the evolutionary origins of human material culture continues to advance. Wynn’s “ape adaptive grade” must now be expanded to a more inclusive “simian adaptive grade,” as monkeys too show convergent features with percussive stone technology.

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Retrovirus Restriction by TRIM5α Variants from Old World and New World Primates

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.7.3930-3937.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (7) ◽

pp. 3930-3937 ◽

Cited By ~ 172

Author(s):

Byeongwoon Song ◽

Hassan Javanbakht ◽

Michel Perron ◽

Do Hyun Park ◽

Matthew Stremlau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Old World Monkeys ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Monkey Species ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

B30.2 Domain ◽

Antiretroviral Activity

ABSTRACT The TRIM5α proteins of humans and some Old World monkeys have been shown to block infection of particular retroviruses following virus entry into the host cell. Infection of most New World monkey cells by the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) is restricted at a similar point. Here we examine the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α orthologs from humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys. Chimpanzee and orangutan TRIM5α proteins functionally resembled human TRIM5α, potently restricting infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) and moderately restricting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Notably, TRIM5α proteins from several New World monkey species restricted infection by SIVmac and the SIV of African green monkeys, SIVagm. Spider monkey TRIM5α, which has an expanded B30.2 domain v3 region due to a tandem triplication, potently blocked infection by a range of retroviruses, including SIVmac, SIVagm, HIV-1, and N-MLV. Tandem duplications in the TRIM5α B30.2 domain v1 region of African green monkeys are also associated with broader antiretroviral activity. Thus, variation in TRIM5α proteins among primate species accounts for the observed patterns of postentry restrictions in cells from these animals. The TRIM5α proteins of some monkey species exhibit dramatic lengthening of particular B30.2 variable regions and an expanded range of susceptible retroviruses.

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Novel cytomegaloviruses in free-ranging and captive great apes: phylogenetic evidence for bidirectional horizontal transmission

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.011866-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 90 (10) ◽

pp. 2386-2394 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Fabian H. Leendertz ◽

Merlin Deckers ◽

Werner Schempp ◽

Felix Lankester ◽

Christophe Boesch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Great Apes ◽

Population Declines ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Conserved Genes ◽

Free Ranging ◽

Pcr Targeting

Wild great apes often suffer from diseases of unknown aetiology. This is among the causes of population declines. Because human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen, especially in immunocompromised individuals, a search for cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) in deceased wild and captive chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans was performed. By using a degenerate PCR targeting four conserved genes (UL54–UL57), several distinct, previously unrecognized CMVs were found for each species. Sequences of up to 9 kb were determined for ten novel CMVs, located in the UL54–UL57 block. A phylogenetic tree was inferred for the ten novel CMVs, the previously characterized chimpanzee CMV, HCMV strains and Old World and New World monkey CMVs. The primate CMVs fell into four clades, containing New World monkey, Old World monkey, orang-utan and human CMVs, respectively, plus two clades that each contained both chimpanzee and gorilla isolates (termed CG1 and CG2). The tree loci of the first four clades mirrored those for their respective hosts in the primate tree, suggesting that these CMV lineages arose through cospeciation with host lineages. The CG1 and CG2 loci corresponded to those of the gorilla and chimpanzee hosts, respectively. This was interpreted as indicating that CG1 and CG2 represented CMV lineages that had arisen cospeciationally with the gorilla and chimpanzee lineages, respectively, with subsequent transfer within each clade between the host genera. Divergence dates were estimated and found to be consistent with overall cospeciational development of major primate CMV lineages. However, CMV transmission between chimpanzees and gorillas in both directions has also occurred.

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Serum Relationships within the Family Cercopithecidae

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.12.3.222 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 222-228

Author(s):

S. ZUCKERMAN ◽

ANN E. SUNDERMANN

Keyword(s):

Human Serum ◽

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Not Given ◽

Old World ◽

New World Monkey ◽

Old World Monkey ◽

The Family ◽

Group Reaction

Quantitative tests show that an antiserum for an individual of one species of the Old World monkey family Cercopithecidae may react no more strongly with the blood of another individual of the same species than it does with the blood of monkeys belonging to other species or genera of the same family. They also show that in this family of Primates interspecific precipitin responses may be no stronger than intergeneric ones. Furthermore, the specific and generic serum interrelationships of these monkeys may be no closer than their interfamilial serum relationships to the chimpanzee. The latter relationship appears, however, to be closer than the monkeys' interfamilial serum relationship to man. Human serum nevertheless does give a group reaction to anti-Old World monkey serum, whereas such a response is not given either by the brown capuchin, a New World monkey, or by the lemur, Perodicticus potto.

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SINE Insertions in Cladistic Analyses and the Phylogenetic Affiliations of Tarsius bancanus to Other Primates

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/157.2.777 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 157 (2) ◽

pp. 777-784

Author(s):

Jürgen Schmitz ◽

Martina Ohme ◽

Hans Zischler

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Monkey ◽

Old World ◽

Alu Elements ◽

Alu Sequences ◽

Short Interspersed Elements ◽

Divergence Point ◽

Tarsius Bancanus ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

The Common

Abstract Transpositions of Alu sequences, representing the most abundant primate short interspersed elements (SINE), were evaluated as molecular cladistic markers to analyze the phylogenetic affiliations among the primate infraorders. Altogether 118 human loci, containing intronic Alu elements, were PCR analyzed for the presence of Alu sequences at orthologous sites in each of two strepsirhine, New World and Old World monkey species, Tarsius bancanus, and a nonprimate outgroup. Fourteen size-polymorphic amplification patterns exhibited longer fragments for the anthropoids (New World and Old World monkeys) and T. bancanus whereas shorter fragments were detected for the strepsirhines and the outgroup. From these, subsequent sequence analyses revealed three Alu transpositions, which can be regarded as shared derived molecular characters linking tarsiers and anthropoid primates. Concerning the other loci, scenarios are represented in which different SINE transpositions occurred independently in the same intron on the lineages leading both to the common ancestor of anthropoids and to T. bancanus, albeit at different nucleotide positions. Our results demonstrate the efficiency and possible pitfalls of SINE transpositions used as molecular cladistic markers in tracing back a divergence point in primate evolution over 40 million years old. The three Alu insertions characterized underpin the monophyly of haplorhine primates (Anthropoidea and Tarsioidea) from a novel perspective.

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