scholarly journals Identification of Postentry Restrictions to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Infection in New World Monkey Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 11140-11151 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Diehl ◽  
Elizabeth Stansell ◽  
Shari M. Kaiser ◽  
Michael Emerman ◽  
Eric Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Resistant Cell Line ◽  
Spider Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey

ABSTRACT TRIM5α has been shown to be a major postentry determinant of the host range for gammaretroviruses and lentiviruses and, more recently, spumaviruses. However, the restrictive potential of TRIM5α against other retroviruses has been largely unexplored. We sought to determine whether or not Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), a prototype betaretrovirus isolated from rhesus macaques, was sensitive to restriction by TRIM5α. Cell lines from both Old World and New World primate species were screened for their susceptibility to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped M-PMV. All of the cell lines tested that were established from Old World primates were found to be susceptible to M-PMV infection. However, fibroblasts established from three New World monkey species specifically resisted infection by this virus. Exogenously expressing TRIM5α from either tamarin or squirrel monkeys in permissive cell lines resulted in a block to M-PMV infection. Restriction in the resistant cell line of spider monkey origin was determined to occur at a postentry stage. However, spider monkey TRIM5α expression in permissive cells failed to restrict M-PMV infection, and interference with endogenous TRIM5α in the spider monkey fibroblasts failed to relieve the block to infectivity. Our results demonstrate that TRIM5α specificity extends to betaretroviruses and suggest that New World monkeys have evolved additional mechanisms to restrict the infection of at least one primate betaretrovirus.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

scholarly journals High susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of South American Zika virus in New World monkey species

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Berry ◽  
Deborah Ferguson ◽  
Claire Ham ◽  
Jo Hall ◽  
Adrian Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
South American ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World

Abstract South American Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a novel human pathogen, linked with neurological disorders. However, comparative ZIKV infectivity studies in New World primates are lacking. Two members of the Callitrichidae family, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), were highly susceptible to sub-cutaneous challenge with the Puerto Rico-origin ZIKVPRVABC59 strain. Both exhibited rapid, high, acute viraemia with early neuroinvasion (3 days) in peripheral and central nervous tissue. ZIKV RNA levels in blood and tissues were significantly higher in New World hosts compared to Old World species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis). Tamarins and rhesus macaques exhibited loss of zonal occludens-1 (ZO-1) staining, indicative of a compromised blood-brain barrier 3 days post-ZIKV exposure. Early, widespread dissemination across multiple anatomical sites distant to the inoculation site preceded extensive ZIKV persistence after 100 days in New and Old World lineages, especially lymphoid, neurological and reproductive sites. Prolonged persistence in brain tissue has implications for otherwise resolved human ZIKV infection. High susceptibility of distinct New World species underscores possible establishment of ZIKV sylvatic cycles in primates indigenous to ZIKV endemic regions. Tamarins and marmosets represent viable New World models for ZIKV pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention studies, including vaccines, with contemporary strains.

scholarly journals Evolutionary pattern in the OXT-OXTR system in primates: Coevolution and positive selection footprints

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Vargas-Pinilla ◽  
Vanessa Rodrigues Paixão-Côrtes ◽  
Pamela Paré ◽  
Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues ◽  
Carlos Meton de Alencar Gadelha Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Receptor Internalization ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Wide Range

Oxytocin is a nonapeptide involved in a wide range of physiologic and behavioral functions. Until recently, it was believed that an unmodified oxytocin sequence was present in all placental mammals. This study analyzed oxytocin (OXT) in 29 primate species and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in 21 of these species. We report here three novel OXT forms in the New World monkeys, as well as a more extensive distribution of a previously described variant (Leu8Pro). In structural terms, these OXTs share the same three low-energy conformations in solution during molecular dynamic simulations, with subtle differences in their side chains. A consistent signal of positive selection was detected in the Cebidae family, and OXT position 8 showed a statistically significant (P= 0.013) correlation with litter size. Several OXTR changes were identified, some of them promoting gain or loss of putative phosphorylation sites, with possible consequences for receptor internalization and desensitization. OXTR amino acid sites are under positive selection, and intramolecular and intermolecular coevolutionary processes with OXT were also detected. We suggest that some New World monkey OXT-OXTR forms can be correlated to male parental care through the increase of cross-reactivity with its correlated vasopressin system.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision by Opsin Gene Duplication in New World and Old World Primates

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanwaljit S. Dulai ◽  
Miranda von Dornum ◽  
John D. Mollon ◽  
David M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Howler Monkey ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Upstream Side ◽  
Link Type

Trichromacy in all Old World primates is dependent on separate X-linked MW and LW opsin genes that are organized into a head-to-tail tandem array flanked on the upstream side by a locus control region (LCR). The 5′ regions of these two genes show homology for only the first 236 bp, although within this region, the differences are conserved in humans, chimpanzees, and two species of cercopithecoid monkeys. In contrast, most New World primates have only a single polymorphic X-linked opsin gene; all males are dichromats and trichromacy is achieved only in those females that possess a different form of this gene on each X chromosome. By sequencing the upstream region of this gene in a New World monkey, the marmoset, we have been able to demonstrate the presence of an LCR in an equivalent position to that in Old World primates. Moreover, the marmoset sequence shows extensive homology from the coding region to the LCR with the upstream sequence of the human LW gene, a distance of >3 kb, whereas homology with the human MW gene is again limited to the first 236 bp, indicating that the divergent MW sequence identifies the site of insertion of the duplicated gene. This is further supported by the presence of an incomplete Alu element on the upstream side of this insertion point in the MW gene of both humans and a cercopithecoid monkey, with additional Alu elements present further upstream. Therefore, these Aluelements may have been involved in the initial gene duplication and may also be responsible for the high frequency of gene loss and gene duplication within the opsin gene array. Full trichromacy is present in one species of New World monkey, the howler monkey, in which separate MW and LW genes are again present. In contrast to the separate genes in humans, however, the upstream sequences of the two howler genes show homology with the marmoset for at least 600 bp, which is well beyond the point of divergence of the human MW and LW genes, and each sequence is associated with a different LCR, indicating that the duplication in the howler monkey involved the entire upstream region.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AF155218, AF156715, and AF156716.]

scholarly journals The transport of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in a New World monkey

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A W Hay
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Transport Protein ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Protein Binding Assay ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding Assay ◽  
Gel Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
25 Hydroxycholecalciferol

Albumin is responsible for the transport of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the Capuchin monkey. This was confirmed by gel filtration, analytical polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide-gel isoelectric focusing and a competitive protein-binding assay. Association constants of the serum transport proteins of a New and an Old World monkey towards 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were calculated; the transport protein in the New World monkey has a lower affinity for the vitamin D metabolite than the transport protein in the Old World primate.

scholarly journals Blockade of HIV-1 Infection of New World Monkey Cells Occurs Primarily at the Stage of Virus Entry

2002 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. LaBonte ◽  
Gregory J. Babcock ◽  
Trushar Patel ◽  
Joseph Sodroski
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Envelope Glycoproteins ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 naturally infects chimpanzees and humans, but does not infect Old World monkeys because of replication blocks that occur after virus entry into the cell. To understand the species-specific restrictions operating on HIV-1 infection, the ability of HIV-1 to infect the cells of New World monkeys was examined. Primary cells derived from common marmosets and squirrel monkeys support every phase of HIV-1 replication with the exception of virus entry. Efficient HIV-1 entry typically requires binding of the viral envelope glycoproteins and host cell receptors, CD4 and either CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors. HIV-1 did not detectably bind or utilize squirrel monkey CD4 for entry, and marmoset CD4 was also very inefficient compared with human CD4. A marmoset CD4 variant, in which residues 48 and 59 were altered to the amino acids found in human CD4, supported HIV-1 entry efficiently. The CXCR4 molecules of both marmosets and squirrel monkeys supported HIV-1 infection, but the CCR5 proteins of both species were only marginally functional. These results demonstrate that the CD4 and CCR5 proteins of New World monkeys represent the major restriction against HIV-1 replication in these primates. Directed adaptation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to common marmoset receptors might allow the development of New World monkey models of HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Evolution of HLA-F and its orthologues in primate species: a complex tale of conservation, diversification and inactivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 475-487
Author(s):  
N. Otting ◽  
N. G. de Groot ◽  
R. E. Bontrop
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Comparative Genetic Analysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractHLA-F represents one of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules in humans. Its main characteristics involve low levels of polymorphism in combination with a restricted tissue distribution. This signals that the gene product executes a specialised function, which, however, is still poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary equivalents of this gene in nonhuman primates, especially with regard to population data. Here we report a comparative genetic analysis of the orthologous genes of HLA-F in various great ape, Old World monkey (OWM), and New World monkey (NWM) species. HLA-F-related transcripts were found in all subjects studied. Low levels of polymorphism were encountered, although the length of the predicted gene products may vary. In most species, one or two transcripts were discovered, indicating the presence of only one active F-like gene per chromosome. An exception was provided by a New World monkey species, namely, the common marmoset. In this species, the gene has been subject to duplication, giving rise to up to six F-like transcripts per animal. In humans, great apes, and OWM, and probably the majority of the NWM species, the evolutionary equivalents of the HLA-F gene experienced purifying selection. In the marmoset, however, the gene was initially duplicated, but the expansion was subjected afterwards to various mechanisms of genetic inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of pseudogenes and an array of genetic artefacts in a section of the transcripts.

scholarly journals The Genomic Organization of the LILR Region Remained Largely Conserved Throughout Primate Evolution: Implications for Health And Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisanne Storm ◽  
Jesse Bruijnesteijn ◽  
Natasja G. de Groot ◽  
Ronald E. Bontrop
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Telomeric Region ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Monkey Species ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Human Primate

The genes of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family map to the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 19, and consist of both activating and inhibiting entities. These receptors are often involved in regulating immune responses, and are considered to play a role in health and disease. The human LILR region and evolutionary equivalents in some rodent and bird species have been thoroughly characterized. In non-human primates, the LILR region is annotated, but a thorough comparison between humans and non-human primates has not yet been documented. Therefore, it was decided to undertake a comprehensive comparison of the human and non-human primate LILR region at the genomic level. During primate evolution the organization of the LILR region remained largely conserved. One major exception, however, is provided by the common marmoset, a New World monkey species, which seems to feature a substantial contraction of the number of LILR genes in both the centromeric and the telomeric region. Furthermore, genomic analysis revealed that the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene KIR3DX1, which maps in the LILR region, features one copy in humans and great ape species. A second copy, which might have been introduced by a duplication event, was observed in the lesser apes, and in Old and New World monkey species. The highly conserved gene organization allowed us to standardize the LILR gene nomenclature for non-human primate species, and implies that most of the receptors encoded by these genes likely fulfill highly preserved functions.

scholarly journals Isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the HERV-W family in primates

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 2613-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heui-Soo Kim ◽  
Osamu Takenaka ◽  
Timothy J. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Old World

An investigation was undertaken of primate pol gene sequences from a novel endogenous retrovirus family, ERV-W, related to a new human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W) that includes multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) sequences identified in particles recovered from monocyte cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis. The pol gene sequences of the ERV-W family were detected in hominoids and Old World monkeys, but not in New World monkeys, whereas ERV-W long terminal repeat-like elements were detected in all primates (hominoids, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys). Thirty-two pol gene sequences from hominoids and Old World monkeys showed a high degree of sequence identity to MSRV and other HERV-W sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relationships of pol gene sequences across primate species. The analysis suggests that the ERV-W family has evolved independently but in constrained patterns (‘parallel evolution’) in different primate species, including man. The ratio of synonymous to non- synonymous substitutions indicated that negative selective pressure is acting on CHW1-1 from chimpanzee, HBW6-6 from baboon and HWX5 from man, sequences that have no disruption by point mutation or insertions/deletions. Therefore, these pol gene sequences could be associated with an active provirus in primates. The findings indicate that the ERV-W family has continued to evolve in the course of the primate radiation and may include members with a capacity to influence gene function and possibly cause disease.

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