Long-term effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the life cycle and productivity of the littoral oligochaete lumbricillus lineatus

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hauschildt-Lillge
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Long Term Effects

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON THE BRAIN CORAL DIPLOMA STRIGOSA (DANA)—A SUMMARY REVIEW

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Sheila C. Wyers ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter ◽  
Harold R. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zoo-xanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-I4C) -phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure.

Long-term effects of 2,4-D application on plants. II. Herbicide avoidance by Chenopodium album and Thlaspi arvense

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Hume
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Research plots in a wheat–wheat–fallow rotation at Indian Head, Sask., were sprayed annually with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) for 36 consecutive years. Two species susceptible to 2,4-D, Chenopodium album L. and Thlaspi arvense L., were dominant in these plots. From 1981 to 1983, C. album and T. arvense seedlings that emerged during four periods of the growing season were marked and their mortality, seed production, and size recorded. From these data and other studies, 10 ways in which C. album and T. arvense managed to survive herbicide application were identified. These are intermittent germination, herbicide tolerance, small size of late-emerging seedlings, short life cycle, hardiness, failure of control practices, long-term dormancy, seed dispersal, viability of immature seeds, and winter annual life cycle of T. arvense.

Electoral Competitiveness and Turnout in British Elections, 1964–2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Vowles ◽  
Gabriel Katz ◽  
Daniel Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Voting Age ◽  
Short And Long Term

Analyzing the British Election Study from 1964 to 2010, we examine the influence of electoral context on turnout, focusing on the closeness of elections in terms of lagged seat and constituency-level winning margins. Using cross-classified multilevel models to account for individual and contextual factors and disentangle life cycle, cohort- and election-specific effects, we find that closeness strongly affects voting behavior, particularly among new electors. Widening seat margins in British elections over the last decades have had a persistent impact on turnout. Respondents who faced less competitive environments when young are more likely to abstain in subsequent elections than those reaching voting age after close-fought races. We conclude that variations in competitiveness have had both short- and long-term effects on turnout.

Interagency Investigations of a Persistent Oil Spill on the Washington Coast: Animal Population Studies, Hydrocarbon Uptake by Marine Organisms, and Algae Response Following the Grounding of the Troopship GENERAL M. C. MEIGS

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 793-808
Author(s):  
Robert C. Clark, Jr. ◽  
John S. Finley ◽  
Benjamin G. Patten ◽  
Dennis F. Stefani ◽  
Edward E. DeNike
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Biological Damage ◽  
Intertidal Community ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Basic Characteristics

ABSTRACT An interagency team of biologists, chemists, oceanographers and engineers has been investigating the long-term effects of oil spilled by the grounding of the troopship GENERAL M. C. MEIGS January 6, 1972, on an ocean coast intertidal community of plants and animals. Oil has continuously been released from the 440,000 liters of Navy Special Fuel Oil carried by the vessel. The team assessed biological damage by making 1) surveys of abundance and physiological condition of animals, 2) qualitative evaluation of obvious damage to plants, and 3) measurements of the hydrocarbon uptake in both plants and animals. A series of sites, forming a vertical profile of the rocky shelf area from the upper intertidal zone to the lowest low tide level in Wreck Cove, have been studied. This report describes the preliminary findings of the first ten months (January-October, 1972) of the investigation. Abnormal and dead urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) indicated that this species was affected. Loss of fronds and bleached thalli not evident in control areas were observed in the plant community in the immediate vicinity of the hulk. Petroleum hydrocarbons were taken up in the intertidal community. The normal paraffin hydrocarbon patterns and content over the range n-C14 H30 to n-C37H76 of healthy-appearing goose barnacles (Mitella polymerus), crabs (Hemigrapsus nudus) and an alga (Fucus gardneri) display the same basic characteristics as the fuel oil which had been lost from the GENERAL M. C. MEIGS.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL AT WEST FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Michael ◽  
C. R. Van Raalte ◽  
L. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Benthic Species ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Sediment Samples

ABSTRACT A small spill of No. 2 fuel oil occurred near Wild Harbor, Massachusetts, in September 1969. The benthic fauna of the Wild Harbor Marsh, boat basin, and offshore area was sampled through the fourth and fifth years after the spill (1973, 1974). Sediment samples were analyzed for the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography produced evidence of hydrocarbons typical of weathered fuel oil in the sediments of the marsh, boat, basin, and two offshore stations. The numbers of benthic species at the offshore stations and the marsh were slightly, but significantly, lower than those found at control stations. Population densities were similar to control areas for the offshore stations but not in the case of the marsh. The boat basin was still heavily affected. Some stations were characterized by the presence of opportunistic species. The recovery process in terms of the total benthos has leveled off, but there was evidence for further recovery during the course of the study.

Effects of Structural Deterioration and Infrastructure Upgrading on the Life-cycle Seismic Resilience of Bridge Networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Capacci ◽  
Fabio Biondini
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Highway Network ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Seismic Resilience

<p>The life-cycle seismic resilience of aging bridges and road transportation networks is investigated considering the long-term effects of bridge structural deterioration and network upgrading interventions under uncertainty. The proposed methodology is applied to a highway network with spatially distributed reinforced concrete (RC) bridges exposed to chloride-induced corrosion and different earthquake scenarios. A new road segment including a bridge is added over the lifetime to strengthen the network connectivity and improve the system resilience. The results show the detrimental effects of structural deterioration at the network scale and the benefits of infrastructure investments for network upgrading to enable long-term resilient infrastructures.</p>

scholarly journals The long-term effects of in-work benefits in a life-cycle model for policy evaluation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Costa Dias ◽  
Jonathan Shaw ◽  
Costas Meghir ◽  
Richard Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Life Cycle Model ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cycle Model

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

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