THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON THE BRAIN CORAL DIPLOMA STRIGOSA (DANA)—A SUMMARY REVIEW

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Sheila C. Wyers ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter ◽  
Harold R. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zoo-xanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-I4C) -phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure.

EFFECTS OF UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON TROPICAL MARINE COMMUNITIES: A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ballou ◽  
Stephen C. Hess ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Term Field

ABSTRACT A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high (“worst case”) exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil. This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al.2

Acute and long-term biological effects of mechanically and chemically dispersed oil on lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 8-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Frantzen ◽  
Bjørn Henrik Hansen ◽  
Perrine Geraudie ◽  
Jocelyn Palerud ◽  
Inger-Britt Falk-Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

EFFECT OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON ARABIAN GULF CORALS: A FIELD EXPERIMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve LeGore ◽  
Donald S. Marszalek ◽  
Larry J. Danek ◽  
Michael S. Tomlinson ◽  
Jack E. Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Oil Dispersant ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Biological Impacts ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT Portions of an Arabian Gulf coral reef were exposed to oil/dispersant mixtures, oil alone, and dispersant alone, while others were left untreated as controls. Arabian light crude and Corexit 9527 dispersant were the test toxicants. Two series of experiments were conducted, one with a 24-hour exposure period and the other with a five-day (120-hour) exposure period. Corals were stained with Alizarin Red S for growth rate studies and were extensively photographed to document observed effects. Corals were examined for biological impacts immediately after the exposures, and then at three-month intervals for one year. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and hydrocarbon concentrations were recorded during the exposure periods. Coral growth appeared unaffected by exposure to the toxicants under test conditions. Some Acropora species exposed to the dispersed oil for five days exhibited delayed, but minor, effects, which became apparent only during the relatively cold and stressful winter season.

COMPARING CRUDE OIL TOXICITY UNDER STANDARD AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURES

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 1003-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Pace ◽  
James R. Clark ◽  
Gail E. Bragin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Real World ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT Standard aquatic toxicity tests do not address real-world, spiked exposure scenarios that occur during oil spills. We evaluated differences in toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed Kuwait crude oil to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) under continuous and spiked (half-life of 2 hours) exposure conditions. The 96-hr LC50s for physically dispersed oil were 0.78 mg/L (continuous) and >2.9 mg/L (spiked), measured as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Values for chemically dispersed oil were 0.98 mg/L (continuous) and 17.7 mg/L (spiked) TPH. Continuous-exposure tests may overestimate the potential for toxic effects under real-world conditions by a factor of 18 or more.

Interagency Investigations of a Persistent Oil Spill on the Washington Coast: Animal Population Studies, Hydrocarbon Uptake by Marine Organisms, and Algae Response Following the Grounding of the Troopship GENERAL M. C. MEIGS

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 793-808
Author(s):  
Robert C. Clark, Jr. ◽  
John S. Finley ◽  
Benjamin G. Patten ◽  
Dennis F. Stefani ◽  
Edward E. DeNike
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Biological Damage ◽  
Intertidal Community ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Basic Characteristics

ABSTRACT An interagency team of biologists, chemists, oceanographers and engineers has been investigating the long-term effects of oil spilled by the grounding of the troopship GENERAL M. C. MEIGS January 6, 1972, on an ocean coast intertidal community of plants and animals. Oil has continuously been released from the 440,000 liters of Navy Special Fuel Oil carried by the vessel. The team assessed biological damage by making 1) surveys of abundance and physiological condition of animals, 2) qualitative evaluation of obvious damage to plants, and 3) measurements of the hydrocarbon uptake in both plants and animals. A series of sites, forming a vertical profile of the rocky shelf area from the upper intertidal zone to the lowest low tide level in Wreck Cove, have been studied. This report describes the preliminary findings of the first ten months (January-October, 1972) of the investigation. Abnormal and dead urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) indicated that this species was affected. Loss of fronds and bleached thalli not evident in control areas were observed in the plant community in the immediate vicinity of the hulk. Petroleum hydrocarbons were taken up in the intertidal community. The normal paraffin hydrocarbon patterns and content over the range n-C14 H30 to n-C37H76 of healthy-appearing goose barnacles (Mitella polymerus), crabs (Hemigrapsus nudus) and an alga (Fucus gardneri) display the same basic characteristics as the fuel oil which had been lost from the GENERAL M. C. MEIGS.

Acute and long-term effects of X-irradiation on skeletal growth in the rat

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Phillips ◽  
Donald J. Kimeldorf
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bone Length ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Tibia Length

The early and long-term effects of X-irradiation on skeletal growth were investigated with respect to the age at exposure. Rats exposed at a juvenile age (37 days) to a sublethal dose (430 rad) exhibited a retardation in femur, tibia, and tail growth within 14 days after exposure. The maximal deficit was attained within 30 days after exposure and remained approximately constant for the next 300 days. In animals which were exposed to X-rays as young adults (101 days of age), femur and tibia length did not differ from those of controls for the first 2 months after exposure. However, there was a deficit in femur and tibia length in these animals at the end of life span. The magnitude of the bone length reduction at the end of life span was dose dependent. The two major differences in response between the two age groups were the time course of the radiation effect on growth and the magnitude of the deficit. The reduction in bone length occurred faster and was greater in the younger irradiated group.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL AT WEST FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Michael ◽  
C. R. Van Raalte ◽  
L. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Benthic Species ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Sediment Samples

ABSTRACT A small spill of No. 2 fuel oil occurred near Wild Harbor, Massachusetts, in September 1969. The benthic fauna of the Wild Harbor Marsh, boat basin, and offshore area was sampled through the fourth and fifth years after the spill (1973, 1974). Sediment samples were analyzed for the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography produced evidence of hydrocarbons typical of weathered fuel oil in the sediments of the marsh, boat, basin, and two offshore stations. The numbers of benthic species at the offshore stations and the marsh were slightly, but significantly, lower than those found at control stations. Population densities were similar to control areas for the offshore stations but not in the case of the marsh. The boat basin was still heavily affected. Some stations were characterized by the presence of opportunistic species. The recovery process in terms of the total benthos has leveled off, but there was evidence for further recovery during the course of the study.

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