The prevention of radiosurgery-induced nausea and vomiting by ondansetron: Evidence of a direct effect on the central nervous system chemoreceptor trigger zone

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Bodis ◽  
Eben Alexander ◽  
Hanne Kooy ◽  
Jay S. Loeffler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Neuroinvasion and neurological complications in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
O.A. Loskutov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Consciousness Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affects not only the alveoli but also the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of neurological complications of COVID-19 is based on the receptor damage, cytokine-mediated injury, damage of the nervous system due to hypoxia, and neuronal damage due to the retrograde transport of the virus through nerve fibers. Objective. To determine the mechanisms of coronavirus neuroinvasion and treatment of neurological complications COVID-19. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources and own research on this topic. Results and discussion. In 3 days after infection viral antigens are detected in the olfactory sensory neurons of the nasal cavity epithelium, which confirms the transnasal invasion of coronaviruses. According to various authors, 36.4-84 % of patients with COVID-19 have neurological manifestations. In general, neurological symptoms of COVID-19 can be divided into three categories: symptoms of the central nervous system disorders (headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, and epilepsy), symptoms of the peripheral nervous system disorders (hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, and neuralgia) and musculoskeletal symptoms. As viral infections cause cytokine storm, inflammation and hyperactive oxidation, it is advisable to use antioxidants in their treatment. According to the Japanese clinical guidelines for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome, edaravone may be used as a free radical scavenger in such patients. In the experiment, edaravone reduced the area of infarction and promoted functional recovery in cerebral thrombosis. Other properties of edaravone include the prevention of excessive permeability of the pulmonary vessels’ endothelium. Own research has shown that edaravone (Ksavron, “Yuria-Pharm”) reduces the severity of inflammation and mortality in patients with COVID-19. In the control group, the level of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin-6 exceeded the upper limit of normal values by 1652.40 %, and in the Ksavron group – only by 269.97 %. Mortality in the control group was 14.3 %, and in the Ksavron group – 0 %. Conclusions. 1. Coronaviruses affect not only the lungs but also the nervous system. 2. Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 include headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, neuralgia, and musculoskeletal symptoms. 3. Edaravone (Ksavron) reduces the severity of inflammation and has an antioxidant effect, which justifies its use in COVID-19.

Reduced effectiveness of the carotid baroreflex during arterial hypoxia in dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. H623-H630 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Pisarri ◽  
J. E. Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Depressor Response ◽  
Carotid Baroreflex ◽  
Cardiac Slowing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Baroreflex Stimulation

The ability of the carotid baroreflex to produce cardiac slowing during arterial hypoxia was investigated in dogs anesthetized with morphine-chloralose. The heart rate response to baroreflex stimulation decreased by about 20% at an arterial O2 tension (PaO2) of 65-70 Torr and by over 60% at a PaO2 of 15-20 Torr. After the aortic nerves were cut bilaterally, baroreflex stimulation produced greater cardiac slowing (P less than 0.001) during arterial hypoxia (PaO2 20 Torr) than at the same PaO2 with intact aortic nerves. The systemic depressor response to baroreflex stimulation was reduced in a qualitatively similar manner but with greater variability. After atropine (0.2 mg/kg iv) or vagal transection the heart rate response to baroreflex stimulation during hypoxia was not suppressed from its control. Perfusion of the head with hypoxic blood in carotid-denervated animals also reduced the baroreflex bradycardia. The results suggest that the vagal component of the baroreflex bradycardia is suppressed during arterial hypoxia both by a reflex mediated by the aortic chemoreceptors and by a direct effect of hypoxia on the central nervous system.

Central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This chapter describes the pharmacology of the central nervous system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of hypnotics and anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antimania drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, nausea and vomiting, analgesics, non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, antiepileptics, and status epilepticus. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

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