Background
Gastric acid aspiration can result in acute lung injury. In this study, the authors determined whether alveolar macrophages express cyclooxygenase-2 as a source of inflammatory mediators after acid aspiration.
Methods
Seventy-five microliters of hydrochloric acid solution, pH 1.15, was instilled into one lung in mice. After exposure, alveolar macrophages were harvested, and competitive polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to measure expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, interleukin-1beta and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The authors used immunocytochemistry to demonstrate expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in alveolar macrophages. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 blockade using N-2(-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl) methane-sulphonamide was done to characterize prostaglandin-cytokine interaction.
Results
Acid aspiration induced upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and iNOS were not upregulated. Interleukin-1beta was upregulated even with saline instillation but could not be detected in the supernatant of the cell culture. Alveolar macrophages harvested from mice instilled with acid showed a trend toward more production of prostaglandin E2 and produced higher concentrations of interleukin-6 compared with alveolar macrophages from mice instilled with saline. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 blockade significantly decreased release of interleukin-6 from alveolar macrophages harvested from mice instilled with acid.
Conclusions
Acid aspiration induces strong expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and production of interleukin-6 in alveolar macrophages. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 blockade reduced production of interleukin-6 by acid-stimulated alveolar macrophages. These studies suggest that the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 plays an important role in the systemic inflammatory response induced by acid aspiration.
Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by alveolar macrophages from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis