Inventories of point and diffuse sources and estimated nutrient loads — a comparison for different river basins in central europe

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources

Inventories of point and diffuse sources and estimated nutrient loads - a comparison for different river basins in Central Europe

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Nutrient Load ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Diffuse Emissions

A comparison of the estimated emissions (input) with the measured loads at monitoring stations (output) is presented for the large Rivers Rhine, Elbe and its main tributaries and for the River Warnow, a smaller river in the north-east part of Germany. The comparison shows that the discrepancies between the estimated emissions and the measured load is small for the Rhine and its main tributaries, Mosel, Neckar and Main. Large discrepancies were found for the Elbe and its main tributaries. For all investigated river systems a strong relationship exists between the quotient of measured nutrient load versus the estimated sum of point and diffuse emissions of nutrients and the areal specific runoff. A function is derived for the dependency of the sum of retention and/or losses in a river system on the specific runoff and the nutrient concentration in the river. The high accuracy of the estimated retention and/or losses within the different river basins offer the possibility to use these equations for a prediction of the emitted nutrients from measured nutrient load in similar rivers.

scholarly journals Combined system of extreme control of mineralized water dilution in river basins

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
P. I. Kovalchuk ◽  
O. S. Demchuk ◽  
V. P. Kovalchuk ◽  
Н. A. Balykhina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Control System ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Water Dilution

The theory of combined systems of extreme control, which is used in technical systems, was developed and adapted in socio-ecological-economic systems. For example, river basins are such systems. A combined extreme control system has been formalized to control the dilution of mineralized mine waters in river sections. A mathematical model of the distribution of water masses and pollution in river beds from point and diffuse sources is proposed on the basis of a system of difference balance equations under the influence of stochastic uncontrolled disturbances. With regard to such conditions as adequate instrumentation, a combined control system has been developed that uses decision-making according to environmental and economic criteria based on the analysis of input and output data simultaneously, identification and tracking of the optimum in conditions of displacement under the influence of the disturbances of extreme characteristics of the system. The structural and functional diagram is represented by the open-loop diagram, the identification of which is carried out on the basis of modeling the process of water dilution in various situations at a specific object. A closed part with a recognition system as a corrector provides feedback. Formalized mathematical models of the dynamics of water masses and pollution from point and diffuse sources are of a general nature and can be used for the basins of other rivers. The extreme control system can adapt to the hydrological conditions and water quality parameters of a particular river. A mathematical model has been formalized for the combined extreme control of mine water dilution in the section of the Ingulets river. The water for dilution comes from a storage pond in the Svystunov gully. Regulatory actions that maintain water quality without exceeding the normative values ​​of maximum permissible discharge are determined. At the same time, water consumption for dilution is minimized. The scenario analysis of the options showed a saving of up to 30% of water resources, namely 17.5 million m3, compared to the dilution carried out in February-March 2021 according to the existing individual regulations.

scholarly journals Adaptation and Application of the large LAERTES-EU RCM Ensemble for Modeling Hydrological Extremes: A pilot study for the Rhine basin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ehmele ◽  
Lisa-Ann Kautz ◽  
Hendrik Feldmann ◽  
Yi He ◽  
Martin Kadlec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Large River ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Large River Basins

Abstract. Enduring and extensive heavy precipitation associated with widespread river floods are among the main natural hazards affecting Central Europe. Since such events are characterized by long return periods, it is difficult to adequately quantify their frequency and intensity solely based on the available observations of precipitation. Furthermore, long-term observations are rare, not homogeneous in space and time, and thus not suitable to run hydrological models (HMs) with respect to extremes. To overcome this issue, we make use of the recently introduced LAERTES-EU (LArge Ensemble of Regional climaTe modEl Simulations for EUrope) data set, which is an ensemble of regional climate model simulations providing over 12.000 simulated years. LAERTES-EU is adapted for the use in an HM to calculate discharges for large river basins by applying a quantile mapping with a fixed density function to correct the mainly positive bias in model precipitation. The Rhine basin serves as a pilot area for calibration and validation. The results show clear improvements in the representation of both precipitation (e.g., annual cycle and intensity distributions) and simulated discharges by the HM after the bias correction. Furthermore, the large size of LAERTES-EU improves the statistical representativeness also for high return values above 100 years of discharges. We conclude that the bias-corrected LAERTES-EU data set is generally suitable for hydrological applications and posterior risk analyses. The results of this pilot study will soon be applied to several large river basins in Central Europe.

Mussels as biomonitors of point and diffuse sources of trace metals in the clyde sea area, Scotland

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

Following a series of international conferences on pollution of the North Sea, the UK Government committed itself in 1990 to reducing the inputs of certain dangerous substances reaching the aqueous environment from point and diffuse sources. The target was a 50% reduction in loadings over the period 1985-95. Metals loadings from rivers and sewage works to the Clyde Sea Area are presented for the period 1990-97. These are compared to trace metals body burdens in mussels collected from shores throughout the Clyde Sea Area over the period 1980-97. For most metals, no clear trend either increasing or decreasing was observed in metals loadings from point sources or in mussel body burdens. The exceptions were cadmium, which showed downward trends with time in loadings and in concentrations in Clyde Estuary mussels, and lead, which showed a downward trend in mussel concentrations. Metals loadings from point sources may have reached baseline levels, below which further reductions will be difficult to achieve. Elevated mussel body burdens of specific metals provided good evidence that some shores are severely affected by point source inputs, others by bulk contamination from far-field point sources, and others by diffuse sources of metals.

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