Definition of the relevant constraints for research resource allocation in crop breeding programmes

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Sanders ◽  
John K. Lynam
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Current trends in apple tree breeding (Malus Mill.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
O. V. Kalinina ◽  
Yu. V. Burmenko ◽  
N. Yu. Svistunova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Modern Breeding

Apples are among the most significant fruit crops in Russian horticulture. The wide variety, as well as the prominent economic potential of the crop, both enable its cultivation across many climate zones and bring orchard farming in general to the attention of investors in the agro-industrial sector. Breeders have met the rising challenges inherent in creating varieties that are superior in terms of productivity, abiotic- and biotic stress resistance, fruit quality and competitive fast-return capacity. In the present article, current research in apple breeding including methods for intensive selection is reviewed with a focus on breeding programmes for creating adaptive varieties having a high commercial and consumer value. Classical breeding can be complemented with modern techniques for an earlier selection of commercially valuable genotypes, identification of primary genotypes, as well as the creation of new donors and cultivars. The research achievements of leading national institutions in the development of apple varieties reflect additions to the Catalog of State-Permitted Cultivars of Agricultural Crops over the last decade. Most of the 422 permitted adapted apple cultivars are highly marketable due to having best-before-consumption dates in the winter. Despite current success in national orchard farming, further endeavours in crop breeding remain relevant today. Comprehensive research engaging genetics, physiology, phytopathology, virology, agrochemistry and nursery is essential for improving modern breeding programmes with the aim of supplying producers with high-quality planting material for a cost-effective, low pesticide, environmentallystable product.

Genetic diversity in sorghum mini-core and elite rainy and post-rainy genotypes of India

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Kuyyamudi Nanaiah Ganapathy ◽  
Sujay Rakshit ◽  
Sunil Shriram Gomashe ◽  
Suri Audilakshmi ◽  
Krishna Hariprasanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Germplasm Accessions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Knowledge on genetic diversity is necessary to determine the relationships among the genotypes, which allow the selection of individual accessions for crop breeding programmes. The present study aimed at assessing the extent and pattern of genetic diversity within a set of 251 sorghum genotypes using SSR markers. A total of 393 alleles were detected from the 251 genotypes, with the number of alleles ranging from 2 (Xcup11) to 24 (Sb5-206) and an average of 10.07 alleles per primer pair. Pairwise Wright's FST statistic and Nei's genetic distance estimates revealed that the race and geographical origin were responsible for the pattern of diversity and structure in the genetic materials. In addition, the analysis also revealed high genetic differentiation between the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups. Narrow diversity was observed among the different working groups in the rainy (restorers and varieties) and post-rainy (varieties and advanced breeding lines) sorghum groups. Neighbour-joining and STRUCTURE analysis also classified 44 elite lines broadly into two distinct groups (rainy and post-rainy). However, limited diversity within the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups warranted an urgent need for the utilization of diverse germplasm accessions for broadening the genetic base of the Indian breeding programme. The diverse germplasm accessions identified from the mini-core accessions for utilization in breeding programmes are discussed.

scholarly journals Vulnerability identified in clinical practice: a qualitative analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Sossauer ◽  
Mélinée Schindler ◽  
Samia Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Compensation Systems ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Background Although it is the moral duty of physicians to protect vulnerable patients, there are no data on how vulnerability is perceived in clinical practice. This study explores how physicians classify someone as “vulnerable”. Method Thirty-three physicians were initially questioned about resource allocation problems in their work. The results of these interviews were examined with qualitative study software to identify characteristics associated with vulnerability in patients. Data were conceptualized, classified and cross-linked to highlight the major determinants of vulnerability. The findings revealed the principal factors that make patients vulnerable in clinical practice, according to our definition of vulnerability: the likelihood of having one’s interests unjustly considered. Results Vulnerability can arise as a result of a mismatch between the characteristics of patients and physicians, the healthcare system, the treatment, or the communication between physicians and patients. Vulnerability appears as a gap between a patient’s needs and the means intended to meet them. Vulnerability can further be the result of doing too little or too much for patients. This result suggests that structures provided by healthcare systems are not as differentiated as they should be to cover all situations. Our initial definition of vulnerability was illustrated and supported by our results, showing that it encompasses all factors involved, not solely personal characteristics, indicating the need for a more pragmatic approach for use in clinical practice. Conclusion Vulnerability is not due to a single factor but appears under certain circumstances when there is a discrepancy between a patient’s interests and the care provided, despite existing compensation systems.

SEASONAL VARIATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CLUSTER BEAN [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.(Taub)]

1970 ◽  
pp. 05
Author(s):  
S. Anuja, Gollavenkata Sowjanya
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Superior Genotypes

An investigation was carried in two seasons, season I during (July-Sep) 2015 and season II during (Feb-April) 2016 with thirty-five genotypes of cluster bean to identify superior genotypes for further crop breeding programmes. The results revealed that the season I showed relatively superior mean performance with respect to plant height, number of pods, and pod yield per plant when compared to season II. During season I, genotypes CT-31, CT-26, CT-32, CT-27 showed better performance in terms of pod yield per plant,and , number of pods per plant. During season II, genotypes CT-31, CT-26, CT-33 showed better performance in terms of pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant.

scholarly journals Addressing the threat of climate change to agriculture requires improving crop resilience to short-term abiotic stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Beacham ◽  
Paul Hand ◽  
Guy C Barker ◽  
Katherine J Denby ◽  
Graham R Teakle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transient Stress ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Global Agriculture

Climate change represents a serious threat to global agriculture, necessitating the development of more environmentally resilient crops to safeguard the future of food production. The effects of climate change are appearing to include a higher frequency of extreme weather events and increased day-to-day weather variability. As such, crops which are able to cope with short-term environmental stress, in addition to those that are tolerant to longer term stress conditions are required . It is becoming apparent that the hitherto relatively little studied process of post-stress plant recovery could be key to optimizing growth and production under fluctuating conditions with intermittent transient stress events. Developing more durable crops requires the provision of genetic resources to identify useful traits through the development of screening protocols. Such traits can then become the objective of crop breeding programmes. In this study, we discuss these issues and outline example research in leafy vegetables that is investigating resilience to short-term abiotic stress.

Heavy Burden: Promoting Public Policy through the Use of Material Transfer Agreements for Plant Genetic Resources

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cary Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Transfer ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Commercial World ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Heavy Burden

AbstractIntroductionPlant genetic resources – seeds and other genetic materials containing functional units of heredity of actual or potential use – are the biological foundation of agriculture, the raw material of plant breeding, and an increasingly important component in biotechnology research and product development. The conditions under which plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) may be accessed and used is therefore of critical importance to broad segments of the economy, to academic and applied researchers, to the legal profession, and to important social concerns such as achieving food security. Each year, hundreds of thousands of samples of PGRFA are distributed to researchers and breeders by genebanks and crop breeding programmes, arguably making this resource the most commonly exchanged of biological materials for research and development purposes in the academic and commercial world.

Commentary on the article “Key principles for the improved conduct of health technology assessments for resource allocation decisions”

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 366-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Allocation Decisions ◽  
Resource Allocation Decisions

“Key principles for the improved conduct of health technology assessment for resource allocation decisions.” The title says it all. I am amazed that such a summary is even possible and that it defines this field so well. Perhaps this report will be cited for years to come as the best and central definition of HTA. A field like this can be defined in other ways.

Exploitation of forage attribute-based variations in Sudan pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] collections

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Sara A. Babiker ◽  
Mohammed A. M. Khair ◽  
Izzat S. A. Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Phenotypic Variations ◽  
The Rich

Triggered by the need to develop inter-seasonal, multi-cut cereal forage crops, this study aimed at the exploitation of phenotypic variations among the rich pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) collections in Sudan for possible utilization in forage-type breeding programmes. A total of 100 pearl millet accessions were used in three field trials grown in rainy, winter and summer seasons (2008–2009) at the Gezira Research Station Farm and the Gezira University Experimental Farm. Wide diversity and highly significant differences in the total dry forage yield, days to harvest, plant height, number of tillers/plant and leaf/stem ratio were found among the accessions. At an 80% morphological similarity level, the 100 accessions of pearl millet were clustered into four main groups. In the rainy and winter seasons, 71 and 56% of the accessions produced forage yield of more than 5 t/ha, respectively. In contrast, 77% of the accessions produced less than 5 t/ha in the summer season. Among the top-ranking 25 accessions, two accessions (HSD 2190 and HSD 2236) were common in dry matter yield in the three seasons, whereas 11 accessions were identified in at least two seasons. The presence of such common accessions in more than one season is encouraging for growing pearl millet as a multi-cut crop for a longer period. These results indicated the possibility of the development of forage-suited varieties of pearl millet directly through further evaluation of those common accessions or indirectly through a crop breeding programme.

scholarly journals Paraphyly of the genus Boehmeria (Urticaceae): a response to Liang et al. ‘Relationships among Chinese Boehmeria species and the evolution of various clade’

2020 ◽  
Vol 307 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre K. Monro ◽  
Steven Dodsworth ◽  
Long-Fei Fu ◽  
Ib Friis ◽  
Christine M. Wilmot-Dear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Plant ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Erroneous Conclusion ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Sectional Classification ◽  
Published Research

AbstractBoehmeria, as currently circumscribed, comprises 52 species and has a pantropical distribution. Liang et al. propose a sectional classification of Boehmeria based on the phylogenetic analysis of SNP data for 20 species and an additional 10 subspecific taxa of these at the rank of variety or form. They restrict their sampling to species documented in China. We found many shortcomings in the sampling and analyses which we feel have resulted in a misleading phylogeny for the genus and the economically important fibre-plant, Boehmeria nivea. By sampling only Chinese species of this genus for their in-group and using a single distantly related outgroup, Liang et al. have failed to capture the diversity of the genus and so erroneously concluded that it forms a monophyletic group. Previous published research clearly demonstrates that Boehmeria is paraphyletic and polyphyletic, comprising at least four monophyletic groupings most closely related to several genera within the Boehmerieae. For these reasons, the sections that Liang et al. (Ind Crops Prod 148:112092, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112092) propose for Boehmeria are not effective tools for its classification. The important fibre-plant, Boehmeria nivea, should therefore not be considered as part of the genus Boehmeria for the purposes of crop breeding, but as sister to Archiboehmeria. Breeding programmes for ramie should therefore focus on populations and germplasm of Archiboehmeria atrata. We conclude that poor taxon sampling, overlooking relevant molecular and taxonomic literature, internal conflict within their SNP data and the overinterpretation of low support values has resulted in the erroneous conclusion that Boehmeria represents a monophyletic or ‘natural’ genus.

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