Physiological and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract induced by hypothalamic intervention: An overview

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos V. Grijalva ◽  
Ernest Lindholm ◽  
Donald Novin
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Morphological Changes

Monochloramine induces reorganization of nuclear speckles and phosphorylation of SRp30 in human colonic epithelial cells: role of protein kinase C

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. C1294-C1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Qin Zhu ◽  
Yu Lu ◽  
Xiao-Di Tan
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sr Proteins ◽  
Mrna Splicing ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
Colonic Epithelial Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intestinal epithelial cells are constantly stimulated by reactive oxidant metabolites (ROMs) in inflamed mucosa. Monochloramine (NH2Cl), a cell-permeant ROM, is particularly relevant to the pathogenesis of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Nuclear speckles, a unique nuclear subcompartment, accumulate a family of proteins, namely, serine- and arginine-rich (SR) proteins. They play important roles in regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Currently, little is known about the link between inflammatory stimulation and the pre-mRNA splicing process, although gene expression is changed in inflamed tissues. The present study was designed to investigate whether stimulation of human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines) with NH2Cl affects nuclear speckles and their components. By indirect immunofluorescence, nuclear speckles have been shown to undergo rapid aggregation after NH2Cl stimulation. By utilizing Western blotting, SRp30 (a subset of SR proteins) in intestinal epithelial cells was found to be phosphorylated after NH2Cl treatment, whereas other SR proteins were not responsive to NH2Cl stimulation. The cytotoxic effect of NH2Cl was excluded by both negative lactate dehydrogenase assay and propidium iodide staining. Therefore, NH2Cl-induced morphological changes on nuclear speckles and phosphorylated SRp30 do not result from intestinal epithelial injury. Furthermore, the effect of NH2Cl on nuclear speckles and SRp30 was blocked by bisindolylmaleimide I, a selective PKC inhibitor. Together, the available data suggest that stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells with NH2Cl results in a consequent change on pre-mRNA splicing machinery via a distinctive signal pathway involving activation of PKC. This effect may contribute to oxidant-induced pathophysiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Review of Laboraotory and Clinical Studies of Olestra, a Nonabsorbable Lipid

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M Bergholz ◽  
Ronald J Jandacek ◽  
Alan BR Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fecal Ph

The classical understanding of fat digestion and absorption is provided as background for a review of research on olestra, a triglyceride-derived lipid that is not digested or absorbed from the intestinal lumen. Olestra (formerly ‘sucrose polyester’) is the generic name proposed for the mixture of the hexa, hepta and octa long chain fatty acid esters of sucrose. Olestra has the physical properties of fat and can therefore function as a zero calorie fat replacement in foods. The fate and effects of olestra in the gastrointestinal tract have been extensively investigated in animals and humans. Evidence from a variety of studies shows that olestra is not digested or absorbed and is not metabolized by colonic microflora. Feeding studies in five different species of animals show that olestra is nontoxic and noncarcinogenic, and causes no morphological changes in any tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Consumption of olestra foods does not alter gastric emptying, transit through the small and large bowel, bile acid physiology, bowel function, or fecal pH, water and electrolytes. Nutritional research shows no effect on absorption of macronutrients. Highly lipophilic materials such as cholesterol and vitamin E have the potential to partition into olestra, thereby decreasing their solubilization in intestinal micelles and subsequent absorption. Clinical research shows a modest reduction in serum cholesterol and vitamin E levels. The effect on vitamin E absorption can be offset by supplementation of olestra with vitamin E. The status of vitamins D and K and absorption of lipophilic drugs are not altered by daily consumption of 18 g olestra. Although serum retinol levels are not reduced, additional research is focusing on effects of olestra on hepatic stores of vitamin A to assess the appropriateness of supplementation. Using olestra to reduce the amount of fat in high fat foods, without affecting other nutrient, should contribute to a diet lower in energy from fat and higher in energy from carbohydrate.

scholarly journals Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Liu ◽  
Lianpu Wen ◽  
Chuanzhou Gao ◽  
Hua Piao ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Cell Junction ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Cecal Mucosa ◽  
Time Point

Mechanical trauma can (MT) cause secondary injury, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction has been reported. However, the effects of mechanical trauma on gastrointestinal tract is unclear. This study aims to observe the main location and time of gastrointestinal tract injury caused by non-directional trauma and explain the reason of the increase of LPS in blood caused by mechanical injury. Morphological changes in the stomach, ileum and cecum at different time points after MT were observed in this experiment. The results reveal that the injury to the cecal mucosa in the rats was more obvious than that in the ileum and the stomach. The cecal epithelial cell junction was significantly widened at 20 min after MT, and the plasma LPS and D-lactic acid concentrations increased significantly at the same time point. In addition, some bacterial structures in the widened intercellular space and near the capillary wall of the cecal mucosa were detected at 12 h after MT. This finding suggests that the main reason for the increase in LPS in plasma after MT is cecal mucosal injury. This study is important for the early intervention of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent secondary injury after MT.

scholarly journals Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Poole ◽  
E.A. Wong ◽  
A.P. McElroy ◽  
H.P. Veit ◽  
K.E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Peptide Transport

Parthenogenetic stem cells in postnatal mouse chimeras

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Jagerbauer ◽  
A. Fraser ◽  
E.W. Herbst ◽  
R. Kothary ◽  
R. Fundele
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Uterine Epithelium ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Cellular Turnover ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

The ability of parthenogenetic (pg) cells to contribute to proliferating stem cell populations of postnatal aggregation chimeras was investigated. Using DNA in situ analysis, pg participation was observed in highly regenerative epithelia of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., stomach, duodenum and colon, in the epithelia of tongue and uterus and in the epidermis. Pg cells also contributed to the epithelium of the urinary bladder, which is characterized by a relatively slow cellular turnover. Using a sensitive proliferation marker to determine division rate of pg and normal (wt) cells in tissues of a 24-day-old chimera, no significant differences between pg and fertilized cells were observed. However, in colon and uterus of a pg <==> wt chimera aged 101 days, a significant loss of proliferative capacity of pg cells was found. In the colon, this loss of proliferative potential was accompanied by an altered morphology of pg crypts. In general, they were situated at the periphery of the epithelium and lacked access to the lumen, with consequent cystic enlargement and flattened epithelium. No obvious morphological changes were observed in the pg-derived areas of the uterine epithelium of this chimera. Our results provide evidence that pg cells can persist as proliferating stem cells in various tissues of early postnatal chimeras. They suggest that pg-derived stem cells may cease to proliferate in restricted areas of the gastrointestinal tract and in the uterine epithelium of pg <==> wt chimeras of advanced age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

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