Effects of cigarette rod length on puff volume and carbon monoxide delivery in cigarette smokers

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nemeth-Coslett ◽  
Roland R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Puff Volume

Inhaled smoke volume, puffing indices and carbon monoxide uptake in asymptomatic cigarette smokers

1986 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Woodman ◽  
S. P. Newman ◽  
D. Pavia ◽  
S. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Concentration ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subject Difference ◽  
Expired Air

1. Nine asymptomatic smokers each smoked one cigarette of their usual brand on four separate occasions. 2. The inhaled smoke volume was measured by tracing the smoke with the inert gas 81Krm. Puffing indices were recorded by using an electronic smoking analyser and flowhead/cigarette holder. The expired air carbon monoxide concentration was measured immediately before and within 5 min of finishing smoking. 3. The inhaled smoke percentage (total inhaled smoke volume/total puff volume) averaged 46% to 85% in different subjects. 4. Neither the mean inhaled smoke volume per puff nor the total inhaled smoke volume per cigarette was significantly correlated with any of the puffing indices. 5. Smokers took significantly smaller and shorter puffs, left longer between puffs and inhaled less smoke as the cigarette was smoked (P < 0.01), although the proportion of the puff which was subsequently inhaled did not change significantly. 6. There was no significant intra-subject difference in any index from one visit to another.

scholarly journals Real-World Evidence of Differences in Biomarkers of Exposure to Select Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents and Biomarkers of Potential Harm Between Adult E-Vapor Users and Adult Cigarette Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1114-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Oliveri ◽  
Qiwei Liang ◽  
Mohamadi Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Lower Health

Abstract Introduction Real-world evidence regarding likely long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVP) under actual use conditions relative to cigarette smoking is not well studied. Methods In this cross-sectional, observational study, biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) relevant to smoking-related diseases were measured in exclusive adult EVP users (AEVP, n = 144) and exclusive adult cigarette smokers (AS, n = 73). AEVP used their own brand of EVP for 6+ months following 10+ years of cigarette smoking and AS smoked own brand of cigarettes for 10+ years. Subject recruitment and informed consent were obtained online and urine/blood samples were collected at local clinical laboratories, representing a new paradigm for collecting real-world evidence. Results The levels of total NNAL (NNK metabolite), 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (acrolein metabolite), and carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide measure) were 46% to 86% lower in AEVP compared with AS (p ≤ .0001) as was nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its five metabolites; 36%, p &lt; .01). The levels of some BOPH were significantly lower in AEVP compared with AS for 11-dehydrothromboxane-B2 (29%, p = .04; platelet activation), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (23%, p = .02; oxidative stress) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (16%, p = .02; endothelial function). Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a new approach for collecting real-world evidence. Substantially lower levels of BOEs (NNK, nicotine, acrolein, carbon monoxide) and favorable differences in BOPHs (platelet activation, oxidative stress, endothelial function) suggest EVP users may have lower health risks than cigarette smokers. Implications Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from a combustible tobacco product to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Real-world evidence regarding the relative risk of EVP use compared with cigarettes is not well established. This study provides data specific to BOE to tobacco smoke constituents and biomarkers of potential harm collected under actual use conditions in a real-world setting. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risk compared with smoking cigarettes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Filter Ventilation on the Yield and Composition of Mainstream and Sidestream Smokes

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Browne ◽  
C. H. Keith ◽  
R. E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Combustion Product ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Smoldering Combustion ◽  
Sidestream Smoke ◽  
Puff Volume

AbstractApparatus and procedures were developed to measure condensate, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in mainstream and sidestream smoke. These were used to determine the effect of air dilution through filter ventilation on mainstream and sidestream smoke composition. It was found that there is a gradual transition from 'puffing combustion to smoldering combustion as the amount of diluting air entering the system increases. This is directly related to the decreased puff volume at the cone and decreased amount of tobacco consumed per puff. On a per· gram of tobacco consumed basis, sidestream combustion product formation is not changed but the amounts of carbon monoxide and water in the mainstream are decreased, as ventilation increases.

scholarly journals Predictors of Nicotine Dependence among Adult Male Midwakh and Cigarette Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatah Al Sharbatti ◽  
Rizwana B. Shaikh ◽  
Jayadevan Sreedharan ◽  
Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil ◽  
Michael Weizman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers

Objectives: Midwakh is a popular form of smoking in the Middle East. This study aimed to assess predictors of nicotine dependence among exclusive cigarette and midwakh smokers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2015 in Ajman, UAE. A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit adult male smokers aged ≥18 years who exclusively smoked either cigarettes or midwakh. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants, with nicotine dependence assessed using the Modified Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. In addition, testing was performed to determine levels of salivary cotinine and exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO). Results: A total of 88 adult male smokers were included in the study, of which 40 (45.5%) were cigarette smokers and 48 (54.5%) smoked midwakh. Most participants were 26–35 years of age (48.9%), followed by 18–25 years (30.7%) and ≥35 years (20.5%). Use of midwakh was associated with a more than three-fold increase in the risk of moderate to high nicotine dependence in comparison with cigarette smoking. Moreover, for each unit increase in CO level, there was a 10% increase in the risk of nicotine dependency. There was also a significant association between nicotine dependence level and depth of inhalation (P = 0.023).  Conclusion: Type of smoking and CO levels were found to be significant predictors of nicotine dependence among adult male smokers. In particular, greater dependency was observed among midwakh smokers compared to those who smoked cigarettes. Keywords: Tobacco Use; Cigarette Smoking; Addictive Behaviors; Nicotine; Risk Assessment; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; United Arab Emirates.

Factors affecting exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide in adult cigarette smokers

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raheema Muhammad-Kah ◽  
Qiwei Liang ◽  
Kimberly Frost-Pineda ◽  
Paul E. Mendes ◽  
Hans J. Roethig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Concentração de Monóxido de Carbono Exalado e Carboxihemoglobina por Jovens Universitários Fumantes de Cigarro e Narguilé

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Viviane Martins Mana Salício ◽  
Caroline Stedten Vitorassi ◽  
Isabella De Camillo Tinoco Campos ◽  
Itala Gabrielle Alencar ◽  
Luana Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
University Center ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
Health Organization

Resumo A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que pelo menos um terço da população mundial adulta utilize o tabaco. Análises comprovam que a fumaça do narguilé contém quantidades superiores de nicotina, monóxido de carbono, tabaco, metais pesados e substâncias cancerígenas comparada à fumaça do cigarro. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os valores de monóxido de carbono exalados e carboxihemoglobina entre jovens fumantes de cigarro e fumantes de narguilé. Estudo transversal realizado em um Centro Universitário de Várzea Grande-MT, em novembro de 2017. A amostra por conveniência conteve 50 fumantes de cigarro e 50 fumantes de narguilé com faixa etária entre 18 a 35 anos. Os níveis de monóxido de carbono exalados e carboxihemoglobina foram avaliados pelo equipamento Micro CO (Micro Medical SA). Jovens universitários fumantes de cigarro apresentaram maiores concentrações de monóxido de carbono exalado (COex) e caboxihemoglobina (COHb), mediana 8,0 (±10,6 %), IC95% (8,3-14,2) quando comparado a fumantes de narguilé (p<0,0001). Fumantes de cigarro apresentaram maiores valores de COex e Carboxihemoglobina, podendo este achado ser devido ao fato de estarem expostos ao hábito mais rotineiramente pela facilidade de transporte do cigarro em maço, aumentando o contato com o tabagismo e maior exposição ao monóxido de carbono (CO). Apesar de maiores níveis de CO terem sido encontrados em fumantes de cigarro, o hábito de fumar promove uma exposição contínua a este gás, além de outras substâncias tóxicas provenientes da queima do tabaco e demais componentes, causando danos à saúde do usuário, independentemente, do método usado para inalar o tabaco.Palavras-chave: Carboxihemoglobina. Monóxido de Carbono. Tabaco.AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least one third of the world’s adult population uses tobacco. Analyzes show that narghile smoke contains higher amounts of nicotine, carbon monoxide, tobacco, heavy metals and carcinogens compared to cigarette smoke. To verify the values o f exhaled carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin among young smokers of cigarettes and smokers of narghile. Crosssectional study at a University Center of Várzea Grande, MT, in November 2017. The sample for convenience contained 50 cigarette smokers and 50 smokers of narghileages ranging from 18 to 35 years. The levels of exhaled carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin were evaluated by the Micro CO equipment (Micro Medical SA). Young college students who smoked cigarettes had higher concentrations of exhaled carbon monoxide (COex) and capexhemoglobin (COHb), median 8.0 (± 10.6%), 95% CI (8.3-14.2) when compared to smokers of narghile (p <0.0001). Cigarette smokers presented higher values of COex and Carboxyhemoglobin, which may be because they are exposed to the habit more routinely because of the ease of cigarette carrying in the pack, increasing contact with smoking and increased exposure to carbon monoxide (CO). Although higher levels of CO are found in cigarette smokers, smoking promotes continued exposure to this gas in addition to other toxic substances from tobacco burning and other components, causing harm to the user’s health, regardless of the method used to inhale tobacco.Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin. Carbon Monoxide. Tobacco.

CARBON-MONOXIDE ABSORPTION BY CIGARETTE SMOKERS WHO CHANGE TO SMOKING CIGARS

The Lancet ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 301 (7811) ◽  
pp. 1033-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cowie ◽  
R.W. Sillett ◽  
K.P. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smokers

scholarly journals Saliva Cotinine and Exhaled Carbon Monoxide in Real Life Waterpipe Smokers: A Post Hoc Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. TUI.S2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salameh Pascale ◽  
Aoun Bacha Zeina ◽  
Waked Mirna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Saliva Cotinine ◽  
Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Never Smokers

Introduction We have already suggested that waterpipe (WP) smoking is associated with an increase in saliva cotinine and carbon monoxide in a small number of smokers. Objective The primary objective of this study was to confirm the increase in exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and saliva cotinine equivalents levels in waterpipe smokers in a real smoking environment, compared with cigarettes smokers and never smokers. The secondary objective was to assess the factors associated with WP dependence according to the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale —11 (LWDS-11). Methods Three groups were included in the study: never smokers (n = 43), waterpipe smokers (n = 103), and cigarette smokers (n = 42). A questionnaire was completed for each participant, exhaled CO measured before and after waterpipe or cigarette smoking, and saliva cotinine equivalents dosed one hour after WP smoking or after one cigarette. Results Waterpipe smokers, like cigarette smokers, are exposed to nicotine and to CO. We found that levels of saliva cotinine equivalents were lower in waterpipe compared with cigarette smokers, but significantly higher than never smokers. In waterpipe smokers, saliva cotinine equivalents was mainly affected by the number of waterpipes per week and the size of the waterpipe. High levels were again found for expired CO, which increased by 500% in waterpipe smokers, in comparison with 100% in cigarette smokers; in waterpipe smokers, the relative increase in CO was affected by the number of waterpipes smoked before measurements, while it was inversely associated to the number of persons with whom they were sharing the WP and to the WP size. WP dependence was significantly correlated with the number of smokers at home, at work, and the body mass index. Conclusion This is a confirmation of real life waterpipe tobacco smoking characteristics in Lebanon. It indicates that nicotine is only marginally retained in the bowl water where smoke passes, and that waterpipe smokers could be exposed to harmful substances, such as CO that was found to be quite high. The level of expired CO and salivary cotinine could be good tools to detect exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoking. In addition, obesity and surrounding smokers could increase the risk of WP dependence.

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