Clinical studies of the brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-308
Author(s):  
Steven E. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Has molecular imaging delivered to drug development?

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2107) ◽  
pp. 20170112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Murphy ◽  
Neel Patel ◽  
Timothy J. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Clinical Drug Development ◽  
Target Binding ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Drug

Pharmaceutical research and development requires a systematic interrogation of a candidate molecule through clinical studies. To ensure resources are spent on only the most promising molecules, early clinical studies must understand fundamental attributes of the drug candidate, including exposure at the target site, target binding and pharmacological response in disease. Molecular imaging has the potential to quantitatively characterize these properties in small, efficient clinical studies. Specific benefits of molecular imaging in this setting (compared to blood and tissue sampling) include non-invasiveness and the ability to survey the whole body temporally. These methods have been adopted primarily for neuroscience drug development, catalysed by the inability to access the brain compartment by other means. If we believe molecular imaging is a technology platform able to underpin clinical drug development, why is it not adopted further to enable earlier decisions? This article considers current drug development needs, progress towards integration of molecular imaging into studies, current impediments and proposed models to broaden use and increase impact. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging’.

Potential Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Alexandre Santos Marzano ◽  
Fabyolla Lúcia Macedo de Castro ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros ◽  
Thiago Macedo e Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
The Brain

: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of disability and death among young and adult individuals, displaying complex pathophysiology including cellular and molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Many experimental and clinical studies investigated the potential relationship between TBI and the process by which neurons are formed in the brain, known as neurogenesis. Currently, there are no available treatments for TBI’s long-term consequences being the search for novel therapeutic targets, a goal of highest scientific and clinical priority. Some studies evaluated the benefits of treatments aimed at improving neurogenesis in TBI. In this scenario, herein, we reviewed current pre-clinical studies that evaluated different approaches to improving neurogenesis after TBI while achieving better cognitive outcomes, which may consist in interesting approaches for future treatments.

Metabolomic Alterations in the Blood and Brain in Association with Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from in vivo to Clinical Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Sirawit Sriwichaiin ◽  
Nipon Chattipakorn ◽  
Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a major health problem among the elderly population. Some evidence suggests that metabolic disturbance possibly plays a role in the pathophysiology of AD. Currently, the study of metabolomics has been used to explore changes in multiple metabolites in several diseases, including AD. Thus, the metabolomics research in AD might provide some information regarding metabolic dysregulations, and their possible associated pathophysiology. This review summarizes the information discovered regarding the metabolites in the brain and the blood from the metabolomics research of AD from both animal and clinical studies. Additionally, the correlation between the changes in metabolites and outcomes, such as pathological findings in the brain and cognitive impairment are discussed. We also deliberate on the findings of cohort studies, demonstrating the alterations in metabolites before changes of cognitive function. All of these findings can be used to inform the potential identity of specific metabolites as possible biomarkers for AD.

scholarly journals Stationary Potential of the Brain : Part II. Clinical Studies

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 655-664
Author(s):  
Keiji SANO ◽  
Shinya MANAKA ◽  
Hiroyuki MIYAKE ◽  
Yoshiaki MAYANAGI ◽  
Tokuro FUCHINOUE
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Stationary Potential ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Part

Clinical Studies with LSD-25 and Two Substances Related to Serotonin

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (442) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Klee ◽  
Joseph Bertino ◽  
Enoch Callaway ◽  
Walter Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Serotonin Antagonist ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

In 1953, Twarog and Page (1) demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) is present in relatively high concentrations in the brain. At about the same time Gaddum (2) and Woolley and Shaw (3) observed that LSD is a highly potent serotonin antagonist in such tissues as rat uterus and hypothesized that the hallucinogenic effect of LSD might be due to interference in the action of serotonin.

scholarly journals Ultrasensitive in Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Small Molecule-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in BALB/c mice.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Yeon Lee ◽  
Ho-Seong Han ◽  
Sang Tae Kim ◽  
Tae Hyun Kim ◽  
Kye Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Injection Site ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BackgroundMesenchymal cell has been frequently used in clinical studies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into multiple mesoderm lineages. But MSC have limitation in clinical application for treating human diseases because they can differentiate several types of cell but not all types. PSL (Pluripotent Stem cell Like cell) are newly developed pluripotent stem cells from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) induced by small molecule compounds. These cells have potential advantages for clinical cell treatment compared with ESCs and iPSCs.MethodsWe induced pluripotency from MSC using small molecules. It has tried to trace MSC and PSL in mice using bioluminescent techniques, which can detect visible light emitted from cells labeled with miRNA conjugated fluorescent molecules. ResultsMSCs predominantly migrate into the brain and testis. They also migrate to the liver, omentum, mesentery, kidneys and spleen. Migration of PSL is similar to MSCs, in that they go to the brain, testis and other intraperitoneal organs. Fluorescent images of explanted organs show that the intensity of brain images is higher in the PSL mouse group than the MSC mouse group. However, testis, image intensity is higher in MSC mouse group than the PSL mouse group. In PSL but not MSC mice, fluorescence persisted at the injection site in the tail.ConclusionsIn this study, injected MSCs and PSL predominantly migrated to the brain and testis. But, PSL migration was more than MSC migration in Brain. Both cell types had a similar migration pattern except for persistent fluorescence at injection site in the tail vein of PSL mice. We expect these cell therapy may have many potentials for clinical studies on these notable treatments.

Models of Dementia: an introductory overview

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Graham ◽  
Calum Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Pathology ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Introductory Overview ◽  
Perfect Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ad Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
The Brain

The analysis of the molecular development of AD (Alzheimer's disease) is technically challenging, due to the chronic nature of the disease, the lack of early and definitive clinical diagnosis, and the fact that the abnormal molecular pathology occurs in the brain. Therefore appropriate animal models of AD are essential if we are to dissect the processes leading to molecular pathology, and ultimately to test the efficacy of potential therapies before clinical studies. Unfortunately, there is controversy over the benefits of the available models, the only consensus of opinion being that no perfect model currently exists. The investigation of animal models is extremely costly and time-consuming, therefore researchers tend to focus on one or two models. For scientists entering the AD research field, it can be difficult to identify the most appropriate model for their needs. Therefore the Models of Dementia: the Good, the Bad and the Future Biochemical Society Focused Meeting provided a platform for discussion and debate on the use and limitations of current models, the most appropriate methods for their characterization and identification of the most pressing needs of the field in general.

Value of Oncogenes for the Prediction of Brain Metastases at Initial Diagnosis: A Review of Published Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-300
Author(s):  
Qian Huang ◽  
Xuenong Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Brain

Identifying cancer patients who are at high risk of developing brain metastases at initial diagnosis and applying effective intervention or monitoring strategies is of vital importance. Recent advances in the biology of brain metastases revealed that some oncogenes from primary tumors may be potential markers for identifying cancer patients likely to metastasize to the brain. We here summarize data on the mechanisms of brain metastases supporting the involvement of oncogene changes in the brain metastatic evolution. We also review the available evidence on clinical studies of oncogenes in the prediction of cancer patients with high incidence of brain metastases.

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