Large, urban governments often provide a tremendous variety of public goods, while the expenditures of small communities usually address basic needs such as fire protection and road maintenance. However, certain small local governments dedicate significant public resources to recreation, culture, and public health services, among others. This research examines the variation in services provided by these smaller, often overlooked governments. Differences are explained, at least partially, by various community characteristics, location, and capacity. For the millions of people who reside in these communities, the findings illustrate why variations exist and what, potentially, can be done to alter expenditure levels.
At the cost of unprecedented suffering to a significant part of our populations, we now realize in many developed world countries, from a health point of view, we do not have adequate infrastructure and public resources for this era and this crisis. How can we address these challenges
in the 21st century from a public health perspective? This is what many countries have had to accept and implement in a few weeks in the face of a pandemic that, as we write, promises to rage across the planet in recurring waves of contamination and mutations of the virus. Let us see how and
why.
Adulteration is one of the types of food fraud which leads to a public health threat and poses potentially catastrophic political, economic, le-
gislative, social, psychological, and health threats for companies and countries. The aim of the paper is to define a concept of food fraud and food adulteration and to present and analyse the leading strong actions used for consumer protection and food chain security in Poland and around the world.
Guest editorial. European public policy on genetic modification of agricultural products and food. Lessons to be learned over balancing public health, consumer confidence and commerce