In the year 1786 Erland Samuel Bring, Professor at the University of Lund in Sweden, showed how by an extension of the method of Tschirnhausen it was possible to deprive the general algebraical equation of the 5th degree of three of its terms without solving an equation higher than the 3rd degree. By a well-understood, however singular, academical fiction, this discovery was ascribed by him to one of his own pupils, a certain Sven Gustaf Sommelius, and embodied in a thesis humbly submitted to himself for approval by that pupil, as a preliminary to his obtaining his degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University. The process for effecting this reduction seems to have been overlooked or forgotten, and was subsequently re-discovered many years later by Mr. Jerrard. In a report contained in the ‘Proceedings of the British Association’ for 1836, Sir William Hamilton showed that Mr. Jerrard was mistaken in supposing that the method was adequate to taking away more than three terms of the equation of the 5th degree, but supplemented this somewhat unnecessary refutation of a result, known
à priori
to be impossible, by an extremely valuable discussion of a question raised by Mr. Jerrard as to the number of variables required in order that any system of equations of given degrees in those variables shall admit of being satisfied without solving any equation of a degree higher than the highest of the given degrees. In the year 1886 the senior author of this memoir showed in a paper in Kronecker'e (better known as Crelle’s ) ‘Journal that the trinomial equation of the 5th degree, upon which by Bring’s method the general equation of that degree can be made to depend, has necessarily imagmaiy coefficients except in the case where four of the roots of the original equation are imaginary, and also pointed out method of obtaining the absolute minimum degree M of an equation from which an given number of specified terms can be taken away subject to the condition of no having to solve any equation of a degree higher than M. The numbers furnished be Hamilton’s method, it is to be observed, are not minima unless a more stringer condition than this is substituted, viz., that the system of equations which have to be resolved in order to take away the proposed terms shall be the simplest possible
i. e
., of the lowest possible weight and not merely of the lowest order; in the memo: in ‘Crelle,’ above referred to, he has explained in what sense the words weight an order are here employed. He has given the name of Hamilton’s Numbers to these relative minima (minima,
i. e
., in regard to weight) for the case where the terms to be taken away from the equation occupy consecutive places in it, beginning with the second.
Demchenko’s nonholonomic case of a gyroscopic ball rolling without sliding over a sphere after his 1923 Belgrade doctoral thesis
