Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Epilepsy: An Overview of Possible Mechanisms of Action and Preclinical and Human Studies

Topiramate (TOP) is a novel anticonvulsant drug with multiple mechanisms of action used in the treatment of epilepsy. Measurements of cerebral GABA were obtained in six controls using 1H MRS at baseline and at 3 and 6 hours following the administration of 3 mg/kg of TOP. Brain GABA concentrations rose by 72% at 3 hours and by 64% at 6 hours compared with baseline (p < 0.004). This study demonstrates that TOP significantly increases human cerebral GABA concentrations in healthy individuals.

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Behavioural Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Properties of the Traditional Medicine Anonna Senegalensis on ParabssDrosophila melanogaster Mutants

10.1101/519322 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Samuel Dare ◽

Emiliano Merlo ◽

Peter E. Ekanem ◽

Jimena Berni

Keyword(s):

Traditional Medicine ◽

Large Scale ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

New Drugs ◽

Rural Populations ◽

Treatment Of Epilepsy ◽

Clinical Recommendation ◽

Large Scale Screening

AbstractEpilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder affecting 50 million people worldwide, 40 millions of which live in developing countries. Despite the introduction of a dozen of new Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs), one third of the patients continue to have seizure regardless of receiving a AEDs treatment. This emphasize on the need to discover new drugs with different mechanisms of action. Traditional medicine (TM), pays a significant role in the treatment of epilepsy in many countries and offers an affordable and accessible alternative to AEDs. However, the lack of both empirical testing in animal models and clinical data places constrains to their clinical recommendation.In this study, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model for epilepsy and tested the anti-seizure effect of leaf and stem bark aqueous extract form Annona senegalensis, a plant used as anti-convulsant by rural populations in Africa.Our results show, that at the concentrations tested, the leaf extract of A. senegalensis was more effective than the AEDs phenytoin and phenobarbital to control seizures. These promising results demonstrate that Drosophila is an excellent model for new drug discovery and that it could be used to do large scale screening of TMs for the treatment of epilepsy.

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Interleukin-15 in Outcomes of Pregnancy

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222011094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (20) ◽

pp. 11094

Author(s):

Scott M. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Mouse Models ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Human Studies ◽

Temporal Regulation ◽

Healthy Pregnancy ◽

Interleukin 15 ◽

And Function ◽

Maternal Fetal Interface

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that classically acts to support the development, maintenance, and function of killer lymphocytes. IL-15 is abundant in the uterus prior to and during pregnancy, but it is subject to tight spatial and temporal regulation. Both mouse models and human studies suggest that homeostasis of IL-15 is essential for healthy pregnancy. Dysregulation of IL-15 is associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Herein, we review producers of IL-15 and responders to IL-15, including non-traditional responders in the maternal uterus and fetal placenta. We also review regulation of IL-15 at the maternal–fetal interface and propose mechanisms of action of IL-15 to facilitate additional study of this critical cytokine in the context of pregnancy.

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The possible protective effects and mechanisms of action of Pycnogenol: in vivo animals and human studies

Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.21608/rpbs.2021.86406.1109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 71-80

Author(s):

Faten Al-Abkal ◽

Dina Khodeer ◽

Yasser Moustafa

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Human Studies ◽

Protective Effects

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Case Formulation and Design of Behavioral Treatment Programs

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.19.3.164 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 164-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Stephen N. Haynes ◽

Andrew E. Williams

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Behavior Problems ◽

Behavioral Treatment ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Relative Magnitude ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Treatment Programs ◽

Case Formulation ◽

Functional Relations ◽

Causal Variables

Summary: We review the rationale for behavioral clinical case formulations and emphasize the role of the functional analysis in the design of individualized treatments. Standardized treatments may not be optimally effective for clients who have multiple behavior problems. These problems can affect each other in complex ways and each behavior problem can be influenced by multiple, interacting causal variables. The mechanisms of action of standardized treatments may not always address the most important causal variables for a client's behavior problems. The functional analysis integrates judgments about the client's behavior problems, important causal variables, and functional relations among variables. The functional analysis aids treatment decisions by helping the clinician estimate the relative magnitude of effect of each causal variable on the client's behavior problems, so that the most effective treatments can be selected. The parameters of, and issues associated with, a functional analysis and Functional Analytic Clinical Case Models (FACCM) are illustrated with a clinical case. The task of selecting the best treatment for a client is complicated because treatments differ in their level of specificity and have unequally weighted mechanisms of action. Further, a treatment's mechanism of action is often unknown.

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