Electrical and electronic waste in Pakistan: the management practices and perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 263-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Ilyas ◽  
Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava ◽  
Hyunjung Kim ◽  
Zaigham Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electrical And Electronic Waste

scholarly journals Recycling Potential for Non-Valorized Plastic Fractions from Electrical and Electronic Waste

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Laura Strobl ◽  
Thomas Diefenhardt ◽  
Martin Schlummer ◽  
Tanja Leege ◽  
Swetlana Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Material Recycling ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Electrical And Electronic Waste

This paper describes a study for waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) to characterise the plastic composition of different mixed plastic fractions. Most of the samples studied are currently excluded from material recycling and arise as side streams in state-of-the-art plastics recycling plants. These samples contain brominated flame retardants (BFR) or other substances of concern listed as persistent organic pollutants or in the RoHS directive. Seventeen samples, including cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, CRT televisions, flat screens such as liquid crystal displays, small domestic appliances, and information and communication technology, were investigated using density- and dissolution-based separation processes. The total bromine and chlorine contents of the samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating a substantial concentration of both elements in density fractions above 1.1 g/cm3, most significantly in specific solubility classes referring to ABS and PS. This was further supported by specific flame retardant analysis. It was shown that BFR levels of both polymers can be reduced to levels below 1000 ppm by dissolution and precipitation processes enabling material recycling in compliance with current legislation. As additional target polymers PC and PC-ABS were also recycled by dissolution but did not require an elimination of BFR. Finally, physicochemical investigations of recycled materials as gel permeation chromatography, melt flow rate, and differential scanning calorimetry suggest a high purity and indicate no degradation of the technical properties of the recycled polymers.

scholarly journals Analysis of the treatment of plastic from electrical and electronic waste in the Republic of Serbia and the testing of the recycling potential of non-metallic fractions of printed circuit boards

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Vucinic ◽  
Zeljko Kamberovic ◽  
Milisav Ranitovic ◽  
Tihomir Kovacevic ◽  
Irena Najcevic
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Waste Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Electrical And Electronic Waste ◽  
Metallic Fractions

This paper presents the analysis of the quantity of plastic and waste printed circuit boards obtained after the mechanical treatment of electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) in the Republic of Serbia, as well as the recycling of non-metallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards. The aim is to analyze the obtained recycled material and recommendation for possible application of recyclables. The data on the quantities and treatment of plastics and printed circuit boards obtained after the mechanical treatment of WEEE, were gained through questionnaires sent to the operators who treat this type of waste. The results of the questionnaire analysis showed that in 2014 the dismantling of E-waste isolated 1,870.95 t of plastic and 499.85 t of printed circuit boards. In the Republic of Serbia, E-waste recycling is performed exclusively by using mechanical methods. Mechanical methods consist of primary crushing and separation of the materials which have a utility value as secondary raw materials, from the components and materials that have hazardous properties. Respect to that, the recycling of printed circuit boards using some of the metallurgical processes with the aim of extracting copper, precious metals and non-metallic fraction is completely absent, and the circuit boards are exported as a whole. Given the number of printed circuit boards obtained by E-waste dismantling, and the fact that from an economic point of view, hydrometallurgical methods are very suitable technological solutions in the case of a smaller capacity, there is a possibility for establishing the facilities in the Republic of Serbia for the hydrometallurgical treatment that could be used for metals extraction, and non-metallic fractions, which also have their own value. Printed circuit boards granulate obtained after the mechanical pretreatment and the selective removal of metals by hydrometallurgical processes was used for the testing of the recycling potential. Granulometric analysis as well analysis of chemical composition of obtained fractions was performed. Subsequently, the manual classification of different types of polymeric material contained in the granulate was made, and both the apparent specific gravity and the chemical composition of the classified types of polymeric materials were determined. Chemical composition of granulate was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) using Thermo Scientific Niton XL 3t, while the identification of residual polymers was determined by the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) method on the Bomen MB 100 device in range 4000 to 400 cm?1. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that after the hydrometallurgical treatment of printed circuit boards, and the separation of metals that have the highest value, the residual non-metallic fraction have the utility value and can be used for various purposes, such as developing new polymer materials for technical purposes that have been investigated by many researchers and mentioned in this article.

Dumping Sites, Witches and Soul-Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-103
Author(s):  
Abamfo Ofori Atiemo
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
African Context

Abstract The generation of waste and how to manage it pose challenges to municipal and district authorities in many parts of the world. In the African context, poverty, bad management practices, and increasing consumerist culture have conspired to render the situation even more complex. Complicating the situation further is the addition of synthetic and electronic waste, non-biodegradable and, in several cases, hazardous. Drawing on personal first hand experiences in Ghana from the perspective of a pastor and a scholar of religious studies, the author reflects on contemporary waste and its (mis)management in Africa and how these affect the dignity and security of present and future generations. He draws on relevant theological motifs from Christianity and indigenous African religious beliefs and practices as well as insights from sociology and eco-theological ethics to analyse the challenge and explore ways in which African Christian public opinion may be mobilized to help address the challenge.

Electronic waste (e-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1472-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Chidi Nnorom ◽  
Oladele Osibanjo
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Material Flows

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN RIVERS STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
AUDREY OPARA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Source Reduction ◽  
Waste Management System ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Higher Institutions ◽  
Rivers State

High obsolescence rate and end-of-life of electronic equipment resulting in high generation of electronic waste remains the biggest challenge with use of ICT in higher institutions. This study evaluated and developed an environmentally sound E-waste management system for higher institutions in Rivers State. The study employed research surveys in data acquisition through questionnaires, interviews and observation. Hypotheses were postulated to test areas of interest. Study indicated that institutions generate a reasonably amount of electronic/ICT wastes that are poorly managed. Desktop computers, printers, laptops, UPSs, old CRT monitors, and printer cartridges are the majority generated and available E-waste in storage in these institutions. Results revealed that the level of awareness on hazardous nature of E-waste among the sampled population was significant. The level awareness on E-waste recycling among sampled population was also significant. There are no accurate records or inventory of ICT equipment procurement and E-waste generation and disposal in the institutions. Policies and programs on source reduction E-waste segregation and handling, facilities for E-waste recovery, recycling and reuse are practically not available in the institutions. The study concluded that there is no proper management and disposal of electronic/ICT waste in higher institutions in Rivers State. Significant numbers of respondents expressed the need for the institutions to establish an integrated electronic/ICT waste recycling center. An Integrated E-waste management system that will not only address the current poor E-waste management practices in the institutions but also achieve environmentally sound management of E-wastes in the institutions has been developed in the study.

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