Role of autophagy in dysregulation of oral mucosal homeostasis

2022 ◽  
pp. 101-125
Author(s):  
Madoka Yasunaga ◽  
Masahiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Kei Seno ◽  
Mizuki Yoshida ◽  
Jun Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Mucosal Homeostasis

scholarly journals The Microbiota/Host Immune System Interaction in the Nose to Protect from COVID-19

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Arianna Di Stadio ◽  
Claudio Costantini ◽  
Giorgia Renga ◽  
Marilena Pariano ◽  
Giampietro Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Variable Clinical Presentation

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by variable clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal multi-organ damage. The site of entry and the response of the host to the infection affect the outcomes. The role of the upper airways and the nasal barrier in the prevention of infection is increasingly being recognized. Besides the epithelial lining and the local immune system, the upper airways harbor a community of microorganisms, or microbiota, that takes an active part in mucosal homeostasis and in resistance to infection. However, the role of the upper airway microbiota in COVID-19 is not yet completely understood and likely goes beyond protection from viral entry to include the regulation of the immune response to the infection. Herein, we discuss the hypothesis that restoring endogenous barriers and anti-inflammatory pathways that are defective in COVID-19 patients might represent a valid strategy to reduce infectivity and ameliorate clinical symptomatology.

scholarly journals Role of Th17 Cells in the Pathogenesis of Human IBD

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Gálvez
Keyword(s):  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Th1 Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The gastrointestinal tract plays a central role in immune system, being able to mount efficient immune responses against pathogens, keeping the homeostasis of the human gut. However, conditions like Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), the main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are related to an excessive and uncontrolled immune response against normal microbiota, through the activation of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. Classically, IBD was thought to be primarily mediated by Th1 cells in CD or Th2 cells in UC, but it is now known that Th17 cells and their related cytokines are crucial mediators in both conditions. Th17 cells massively infiltrate the inflamed intestine of IBD patients, where they produce interleukin- (IL-) 17A and other cytokines, triggering and amplifying the inflammatory process. However, these cells show functional plasticity, and they can be converted into either IFN-γ producing Th1 cells or regulatory T cells. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the regulation and functional role of Th17 cells in the gut. Deeper insights into their plasticity in inflammatory conditions will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate mucosal homeostasis and inflammation in the gut, promoting the design of novel therapeutic approaches for IBD.

972 Unique Role of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-a in Maintaining Mucosal Homeostasis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. A-144-A-145
Author(s):  
Stefania Vetrano ◽  
Maria Rescigno ◽  
Maria Rosaria Cera ◽  
Andrea Doni ◽  
Carmen Correale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

scholarly journals Role of PD-L1 in Gut Mucosa Tolerance and Chronic Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9165
Author(s):  
Marina Chulkina ◽  
Ellen J. Beswick ◽  
Irina V. Pinchuk
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Gut Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Gi Mucosa

The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is among the most complex systems in the body. It has a diverse commensal microbiome challenged continuously by food and microbial components while delivering essential nutrients and defending against pathogens. For these reasons, regulatory cells and receptors are likely to play a central role in maintaining the gut mucosal homeostasis. Recent lessons from cancer immunotherapy point out the critical role of the B7 negative co-stimulator PD-L1 in mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge supporting the critical role of PD-L1 in gastrointestinal mucosal tolerance and how abnormalities in its expression and signaling contribute to gut inflammation and cancers. Abnormal expression of PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways have been observed in the pathology of the GI tract. We also discuss the current gap in our knowledge with regards to PD-L1 signaling in the GI tract under homeostasis and pathology. Finally, we summarize the current understanding of how this pathway is currently targeted to develop novel therapeutic approaches.

123 A Macrophage Intrinsic Role of WASP Is Critical for Maintenance of Mucosal Homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. S-32
Author(s):  
Amlan Biswas ◽  
Dror S. Shouval ◽  
Jeremy A. Goettel ◽  
Scott B. Snapper
Keyword(s):  
Mucosal Homeostasis

Varied role of the gut epithelium in mucosal homeostasis

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan F McCole ◽  
Kim E Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism of interleukin-2-induced mucosal homeostasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (5) ◽  
pp. C735-C747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayshree Mishra ◽  
Christopher M. Waters ◽  
Narendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wound Repair ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Mucosal Lining ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Sustained damage to the mucosal lining in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) facilitates translocation of intestinal microbes to submucosal immune cells leading to chronic inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated the role of Jak3 in IL-2-induced intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) migration, one of the early events during intestinal wound repair. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-2 also plays a role in IEC homeostasis through concentration-dependent regulation of IEC proliferation and cell death. At lower concentrations (≤50 U/ml), IL-2 promoted proliferation, while at higher concentrations (100 U/ml), it promoted apoptosis. Activation by IL-2 led to tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent interactions between Jak3 and p52ShcA only at lower concentrations. Phosphatase SHP1 dephosphorylated IL-2-induced phosphorylated p52ShcA. Higher concentrations of IL-2 decreased the phosphorylation of Jak3 and p52ShcA, disrupted their interactions, redistributed Jak3 to the nucleus, and induced apoptosis in IEC. IL-2 also induced dose-dependent upregulation of p52 shcA and downregulation of jak3-mRNA. Constitutive overexpression and mir-shRNA-mediated knockdown studies showed that expression of both Jak3 and p52ShcA were necessary for IL-2-induced proliferation of IEC. Doxycycline-regulated sh-RNA expression demonstrated that IL-2-induced downregulation of jak3-mRNA was responsible for higher IL-2-induced apoptosis in IEC. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism of IL-2-induced mucosal homeostasis through posttranslational and transcriptional regulation of Jak3 and p52ShcA.

scholarly journals Towards Targeting the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Cystic Fibrosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Puccetti ◽  
Giuseppe Paolicelli ◽  
Vasileios Oikonomou ◽  
Antonella De Luca ◽  
Giorgia Renga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Affinity Ligands ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Immune Health ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Microbial Symbiosis ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

Tryptophan (trp) metabolism is an important regulatory component of gut mucosal homeostasis and the microbiome. Metabolic pathways targeting the trp can lead to a myriad of metabolites, of both host and microbial origins, some of which act as endogenous low-affinity ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a cytosolic, ligand-operated transcription factor that is involved in many biological processes, including development, cellular differentiation and proliferation, xenobiotic metabolism, and the immune response. Low-level activation of AhR by endogenous ligands is beneficial in the maintenance of immune health and intestinal homeostasis. We have defined a functional node whereby certain bacteria species contribute to host/microbial symbiosis and mucosal homeostasis. A microbial trp metabolic pathway leading to the production of indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAld) by lactobacilli provided epithelial protection while inducing antifungal resistance via the AhR/IL-22 axis. In this review, we highlight the role of AhR in inflammatory lung diseases and discuss the possible therapeutic use of AhR ligands in cystic fibrosis.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Human Digestive Tract Cancers

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Mei ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Xinpeng Zhou ◽  
Min Cheng ◽  
Kele Cui
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
And Migration ◽  
New Research ◽  
Cell Phenotypes

Malignant digestive tract tumors are a great threat to human public health. In addition to surgery, immunotherapy brings hope for the treatment of these tumors. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells are a focus of tumor immunology research and treatment due to their powerful cytotoxic effects, ability to directly kill epithelial-derived tumor cells, and overall impact on maintaining mucosal homeostasis and antitumor function in the digestive tract. They are a group of noncirculating immune cells expressing adhesion and migration molecules such as CD69, CD103, and CD49a that primarily reside on the barrier epithelium of nonlymphoid organs and respond rapidly to both viral and bacterial infection and tumorigenesis. This review highlights new research exploring the role of CD8+ Trm cells in a variety of digestive tract malignant tumors, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A summary of CD8+ Trm cell phenotypes and characteristics, tissue distribution, and antitumor functions in different tumor environments is provided, illustrating how these cells may be used in immunotherapies against digestive tract tumors.

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