human digestive tract
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2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Mei ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Xinpeng Zhou ◽  
Min Cheng ◽  
Kele Cui

Malignant digestive tract tumors are a great threat to human public health. In addition to surgery, immunotherapy brings hope for the treatment of these tumors. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells are a focus of tumor immunology research and treatment due to their powerful cytotoxic effects, ability to directly kill epithelial-derived tumor cells, and overall impact on maintaining mucosal homeostasis and antitumor function in the digestive tract. They are a group of noncirculating immune cells expressing adhesion and migration molecules such as CD69, CD103, and CD49a that primarily reside on the barrier epithelium of nonlymphoid organs and respond rapidly to both viral and bacterial infection and tumorigenesis. This review highlights new research exploring the role of CD8+ Trm cells in a variety of digestive tract malignant tumors, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A summary of CD8+ Trm cell phenotypes and characteristics, tissue distribution, and antitumor functions in different tumor environments is provided, illustrating how these cells may be used in immunotherapies against digestive tract tumors.


2021 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wardak

The human digestive tract is the living environment for billions of cells of various microorganisms that are part of the human microflora. The use of modern molecular biology techniques, such as NGS (Next Generation Sequencing), made it possible to study the microorganisms inhabiting the intestines and to understand their impact on human health. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in the synthesis and metabolism of many nutrients and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), amino acids, lipids, bile acids and vitamins. Many factors such as diet, age, climate, and socioeconomic conditions influence the diversity of the microbiota. Rapid changes in the composition of the microbiota (disturbance of homeostasis) can lead to dysbiosis - a condition associated not only with intestinal disorders, but also with numerous extraintestinal diseases. The present work is a review of current reports on: research techniques used to analyze microbiota, the impact of various factors on its diversity and the impact of microbiota on our health.


Author(s):  
Ji-Chun Chen ◽  
Tian-Ao Xie ◽  
Zhen-Zong Lin ◽  
Yi-Qing Li ◽  
Yu-Fei Xie ◽  
...  

AbstractCOVID-19 is a serious infectious disease that has recently swept the world, and research on its causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, remains insufficient. Therefore, this study uses bioinformatics analysis techniques to explore the human digestive tract diseases that may be caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The gene expression profile data set, numbered GSE149312, is from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and is divided into a 24-h group and a 60-h group. R software is used to analyze and screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and then gene ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses are performed. In KEGG, the pathway of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exists in both the 24-h group and 60-h group. STRING is used to establish a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and Cytoscape is then used to visualize the PPI and define the top 12 genes of the node as the hub genes. Through verification, nine statistically significant hub genes are identified: AKT1, TIMP1, NOTCH, CCNA2, RRM2, TTK, BUB1B, KIF20A, and PLK1. In conclusion, the results of this study can provide a certain direction and basis for follow-up studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human digestive tract and provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2.


Author(s):  
Tommy Le ◽  
Eunice Chun ◽  
Ivan Lopez ◽  
Karl Kingsley ◽  
Linh Nguyen

Introduction: The human digestive tract is composed of an immense variety of microorganisms, which have been linked to many health problems such as obesity. There are many studies that demonstrate the association of cariogenic pathogens in dental patients and overall health. Selenomonas noxia, a gram negative anaerobe that is unable to metabolize sucrose and Akkermansia muciniphila, a gram negative anaerobe known to metabolize fats are two examples of pathogens that play a role in overall health.  Objectives: Few studies have investigated both Selenomonas noxia (SN) and Akkermansia muciniphila (AM) with the same patient samples. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the prevalence of both these organisms in a dental school-based setting.  Methods: Saliva was collected from pediatric patients using an IRB-approved protocol. DNA was isolated for PCR screening and quality tested using the nanodrop. Gel electrophoresis was used for visualization. Forty seven (n=47) patients ranging from five to fifteen years of age (average 10.3) were screened. Nearly two-thirds of patients were male (64.6%) with the vast majority identified as Hispanic (72.9%) or other minority (25.0%)  Results: DNA was successfully isolated with an overall average DNA concentration of 1.43 ug/uL and overall purity (A260:A80 ratio) of 1.88. Of the forty seven patients, four patients were positive for SN. There was no presence of AM in the samples. Conclusions: Research regarding AM and SN may suggest they inhabit different niches in the microbial community. The preliminary data of this pilot study suggests that SN could be found in pediatric patients while AM is not likely prevalent. However, due to the small patient sample size and large differences observed from these samples further research and analysis would need to be conducted to validate the findings.


Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 132714
Author(s):  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Shunlan Wang ◽  
Volovych Olga ◽  
Yijia Xue ◽  
Shuguo Lv ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongju (Daisy) Chen ◽  
Bin Yi ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Lin Dai ◽  
...  

The human gut microbiome has been extensively studied, but its diversity scaling (changes or heterogeneities) along the digestive tract (DT) as well as their inter-individual heterogeneities have not been adequately addressed to the best of our knowledge. Here we fill the gap by applying the diversity-area relationship (DAR), a recent extension to the classic species-area relationship (SAR) in biogeography, by reanalyzing a dataset of over 2000 16s-rRNA microbiome samples obtained from 10 DT sites of over 200 individuals. We sketched out the biogeography “maps” for each of the 10 DT sites by cross-individual DAR analysis, and the intra-DT distribution pattern by cross-DT-site DAR analysis. Regarding the inter-individual biogeography, it was found that all DT sites have the invariant (constant) scaling parameter—all sites possessing the same diversity change rate across individuals, but most sites have different potential diversities, which include the portions of diversity that may be absent locally but present regionally. In the case of this study, the potential diversity of each DT site covers the total diversity of the respective site from all individuals in the cohort. In terms of the genus richness, an average individual hosts approximately 20% of the population-level genus richness (total bacterial genus of a human population). In contrast, in terms of community biodiversity, the percentages of individual over population may exceed 90%. This suggests that the differences between individuals in their DT microbiomes are predominantly in the composition of bacterial species, rather than how their abundances are distributed (i.e., biodiversity). Regarding the intra-DT patterns, the scaling parameter (z) is larger—suggesting that the intra-DT biodiversity changes are larger than inter-individual changes. The higher intra-DT heterogeneity of bacteria diversity, as suggested by larger intra-DT z than the inter-individual heterogeneity, should be expected since the intra-DT heterogeneity reflects the functional differentiations of the DT tract, while the inter-individual heterogeneity (z) reflects the difference of the same DT site across individuals. On average, each DT site contains 21–36% of the genus diversity of the whole DT, and the percentages are even higher in terms of higher taxon levels.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-292
Author(s):  
Dagmara Woźniak ◽  
Wojciech Cichy ◽  
Juliusz Przysławski ◽  
Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż

2021 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. S109-S110
Author(s):  
E Fournier ◽  
M. Mercier-Bonin ◽  
S. Denis ◽  
O. Uriot ◽  
C. Roussel ◽  
...  

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1852
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xianglei Wu ◽  
David Julian McClements ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Ming Miao ◽  
...  

Frying is commonly used by consumers, restaurants, and industries around the globe to cook and process foods. Compared to other food processing methods, frying has several potential advantages, including reduced processing times and the creation of foods with desirable sensory attributes. Frying is often used to prepare starchy foods. After ingestion, the starch and fat in these foods are hydrolyzed by enzymes in the human digestive tract, thereby providing an important source of energy (glucose and fatty acids) for the human body. Conversely, overconsumption of fried starchy foods can promote overweight, obesity, and other chronic diseases. Moreover, frying can generate toxic reaction products that can damage people’s health. Consequently, there is interest in developing alternative frying technologies that reduce the levels of nutritionally undesirable components in fried foods, such as vacuum, microwave, air, and radiant frying methods. In this review, we focus on the principles and applications of these innovative frying technologies, and highlight their potential advantages and shortcomings. Further development of these technologies should lead to the creation of healthier fried foods that can help combat the rise in diet-related chronic diseases.


Author(s):  
Kamila Goderska ◽  
Patryk Kozłowski

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to assess the prebiotic properties of lactobionic acid in the human gastrointestinal model. Five different strains of probiotic, or potentially probiotic, bacteria were used in the microencapsulation process; these were Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactococcus lactis ATCC1, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20456, and Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20082. Starch with a concentration of 4% (w/v) and a degree of substitution of 0.03 was used to produce the microcapsules. The alginian microcapsules we produced functioned as a protective barrier for the probiotic microorganisms closed in them, protecting them from adverse conditions in the human digestive tract. The microorganisms could thus survive the encapsulation process and the in vitro model digestion process while retaining the ability to produce biomass. Factors such as pH and time affect the solution of alginate microcapsules. The capsule solution began when a pH of 7.4 was reached; this corresponded to pH in the target probiotic site, an in vitro model of the colon. The capsules had completely dissolved after 24 h of digestion at a pH of 8. The addition of lactobionic acid stimulated the growth of probiotic and potentially probiotic bacteria, thus confirming its prebiotic properties.


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