The Role of Host Genetic Variation in HIV Infection and its Manifestations

2004 ◽  
pp. 285-302
Author(s):  
Richard A. Kaslow ◽  
James (Jianming) Tang ◽  
M. Tevfik Dorak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Host Genetic

scholarly journals Host genetic effects upon the early gut microbiota in a bovine model with graduated spectrum of genetic variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peixin Fan ◽  
Beilei Bian ◽  
Lin Teng ◽  
Corwin D. Nelson ◽  
J. Driver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Paternal Genome ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Genetic

Abstract Multiple synergistic factors affect the development and composition of mammalian gut microbiota, but effects of host genetics remain unclear. To illuminate the role of host genetics on gut microbiota, we employed animals with a graduated spectrum of genetic variation with minimal environmental influences. We bred 228 calves with linearly varying breed composition from 100% Angus (Bos taurus) to 100% Brahman (Bos indicus), as a proxy for genetic variation, and then raised the offspring in the same environment with identical diets. We hypothesized each breed would harbor distinct gut microbiota due to genetic influence. We found that the gut microbiota of preweaning calves at 3 months old is significantly affected by host genetics, profoundly by paternal genome. We also demonstrate that single nucleotide polymorphisms in host mucin-encoding genes, critical for gut mucosal health, are significantly correlated with both breed composition and mucin-degrading gut bacteria. We further demonstrate host genetics indirectly changes gut microbiota composition via microbe–microbe interactions. These findings indicate a strong contribution by host genetics in shaping the gut microbiota during early life stages, shedding light on impact of animal breeding on gut microbiota, which is associated with animal growth and health.

scholarly journals FcγR Genetic Variation and HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy: Context And Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Lassaunière ◽  
Caroline T. Tiemessen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Receptor Locus ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Ig G ◽  
Hiv 1

Receptors for the crystallisable fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), link the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response, providing a diverse armamentarium of antimicrobial effector functions. Findings from HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials highlight the need for further study of Fc-FcR interactions in understanding what may constitute vaccine-induced protective immunity. These include host genetic correlates identified within the low affinity Fcγ-receptor locus in three HIV-1 efficacy trials – VAX004, RV144, and HVTN 505. This perspective summarizes our present knowledge of FcγR genetics in the context of findings from HIV-1 efficacy trials, and draws on genetic variation described in other contexts, such as mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1 disease progression, to explore the potential contribution of FcγR variability in modulating different HIV-1 vaccine efficacy outcomes. Appreciating the complexity and the importance of the collective contribution of variation within the FCGR gene locus is important for understanding the role of FcγRs in protection against HIV-1 acquisition.

Genetic influences on HIV infection: implications for vaccine development

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Z. Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Genetic Factors

Human HIV infection is characterised by great variability in outcome. Much of this variability is due either to viral variation or host genetic factors, particularly major histocompatibility complex differences within genetically diverse populations. The study of non-human primates infected with well characterised simian immunodeficiency virus strains has recently allowed further dissection of the critical role of genetic influences on both susceptibility to infection and progression to AIDS. This review summarises the important role of many host genetic factors on HIV infection and highlights important variables that will need to be taken into account in evaluating effective HIV vaccines.

scholarly journals Community assembly in plant-bacterium symbiotic interactions in a natural environment: Does host genetic variation matter?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinnosuke Kagiya ◽  
Ken-ichi Kucho ◽  
Shunsuke Utsumi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Host Genetic

Community assembly of diverse mutualistic symbionts in host plants have recently received much attention. On the other hand, for decades, researchers have also focused on a role of genetic variation for shaping ecological communities. However, it remains unclear how local interaction networks between a host and symbionts are shaped from the pool of genetically diverse microorganisms in the natural rhizosphere. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed local and regional genetic communities of Frankia in host individuals and in surrounding soils using metabarcoding to unravel community assembly in shaping interaction networks between plants and root nodule symbionts, both of which are genetically diverse, in natural ecosystems. We found that Frankia communities in rhizosphere soil were consisted of tremendously diverse strains. The diverse Frankia communities in rhizosphere soils were heterogeneously structured by the presence of host individuals and soil nutritional status. Furthermore, quantification of the filtering forces by community analysis demonstrated that the filtering forces that shape symbiotic networks would depend on genetic variation in the host plant. This study suggests that filtering mechanisms and host genetics would have a profound role in shaping plant-bacterium symbiotic networks in natural environments.

Genetic background of cholesterol absorption efficacy. The role of Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 receptor and its genetic variation in lipid metabolism

2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (34) ◽  
pp. 1376-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariann Harangi ◽  
István Balogh ◽  
János Harangi ◽  
György Paragh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Niemann Pick

A Niemann–Pick C1-like-1 egy szterolfelismerő domént tartalmazó membránfehérje, amelyet nagy számban expresszálnak csúcsi felszínükön a bélhámsejtek. Az utóbbi évek vizsgálatai azt igazolták, hogy ez a fehérje szükséges a szabad koleszterin bejutásához a bélhámsejtekbe a bél lumenéből. Biokémiai vizsgálatok azt igazolták, hogy a Niemann–Pick C1-like-1-hez kötődik az ezetimib, amely egy hatékony koleszterinfelszívódást gátló szer. A bélből történő koleszterinfelszívódás ütemében és az ezetimibkezelés hatékonyságában tapasztalt egyéni eltérések hátterében felmerült néhány Niemann–Pick C1-like-1 génvariáció oki szerepe.

Health and social problems associated with HIV infection and AIDS in the professional activity of specialists with secondary medical education

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
L. Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The article considers urgent problem of modern society – progressive increase in the number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen are given, clinical signs of the disease and a modern strategy aimed at reducing the number of infected people are presented. The role of specialists with secondary medical education in the implementation of the Strategy aimed at combating the spread of HIV infection epidemic in the Russian Federation is emphasized.

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