The Rumen Bacteria | ScienceGate

1. Sheep, cows and calves fitted with rumen cannulas were given diets mostly containing 10–16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter and consisting of roughage and cereals. Mixed bacteria were separated from samples of their rumen contents.2. Bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from calves which were kept in an experimental calf-house with no contact with adult animals (environment A) contained more α-dextran, less total N and higher nucleic acid:total N ratios than similar bacteria from calves reared in contact with adult sheep (environment C) but otherwise treated in an identical way.3. Mixed bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from sheep and cows were similar in composition, with respect to nitrogenous components, to those from the ‘environment C’ calves. This composition did not vary significantly when diets containing differing proportions of roughage were given.4. The ‘environment A’ calves were free of ciliate protozoa. When they were placed in contact with, and were inoculated with rumen contents from, adult cattle (environment B), they rapidly developed a normal protozoal population and the chemical composition of their rumen bacteria became like that of the bacteria from the ‘environment C’ calves.5. Mixed bacteria taken just before a feed, from either cows or ‘environment A’ calves, showed significantly lower RNA-N:total N ratios and slightly (but not usually significantly) higher DNA-N:total N ratios than bacteria taken 4–6 h after feeding. Total N contents of the bacteria did not change consistently with time after feeding.6. The possible significance of these differences in relation to the nutrition of the host animal is discussed.

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Ammonia Metabolism in Rumen Bacteria and Mucosa from Sheep Fed Soy Protein or Urea

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/100.2.161 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 161-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

William Chalupa ◽

Jimmy Clark ◽

Pamela Opliger ◽

Robert Lavker

Keyword(s):

Soy Protein ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Ammonia Metabolism

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The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19850133 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 483-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. A. Greife ◽

J. A. Rooke ◽

D. G. Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

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Effects of quillaja and yucca saponins on communities and select populations of rumen bacteria and archaea, and fermentationin vitro

Journal of Applied Microbiology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05440.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 1329-1340 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

A.K. Patra ◽

J. Stiverson ◽

Z. Yu

Keyword(s):

Rumen Bacteria

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Metabolism of the nucleic acids of rumen bacteria by preruminant and ruminant lambs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19810130 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 517-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M. A. Razzaque ◽

J. H. Topps ◽

R. N. B. Kay ◽

J. M. Brockway

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Total Activity ◽

Total Radioactivity ◽

The Other ◽

Nucleic Acid Content ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Total Nucleic Acid ◽

Purine Base ◽

Close Relationship

1. A rumen bacterial culture containing specifically labelled nucleic acids was prepared using [8-14C]adenine.2. The labelled preparation was given in a liquid diet to two preruminant lambs and via a rumen tube to two ruminant lambs. The radioactivity excreted in exhaled gases, faeces and urine and that incorporated into tissues was determined.3 The preruminant lambs absorbed 58.3% of the total radioactivity measured after 24 h and the ruminant lambs 66.6% of the total activity measured after 48 h.4. Of the total radioactivity absorbed the preruminant lambs exhaled 38%, excreted 34% in urine and retained 29% in tissues. The corresponding values for the ruminant lambs were 12,41 and 47% respectively.5. There was a close relationship between total nucleic acid content and radioactivity per g of tissues of both preruminant and ruminant lambs.6. Of the radioactivity in the urine, the ruminant and one preruminant lamb excreted most in the fraction containing allantoin, while the other lamb excreted most activity in the uric acid fraction.7. The salvaging of the breakdown products of bacterial nucleic acids to make tissue nucleic acids appears to be an important synthesis in preruminant and ruminant lambs and of the likely precursors the purine base may be more important than the nucleoside.

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USE OF FORMALDEHYDE TO REGULATE DIGESTION OF BARLEY STARCH

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas90-070 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 581-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

T. A. McALLISTER ◽

K.-J. CHENG ◽

L. M. RODE ◽

J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Endosperm Cell ◽

Starch Digestion ◽

Protein Matrix ◽

Fermentation Efficiency ◽

Formaldehyde Treatment ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Anaerobic Media

This study was conducted to determine the effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley on the rate of microbial starch digestion. Ground barley was left untreated (UB) or treated with 0.5% formaldehyde (TB) and incubated in vials with an inoculum consisting of a homogenate of rumen contents and Bryant's anaerobic media (1:1). Separate vials were analyzed for starch, ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) after 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h. The digestion of starch was lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB between 4 and 24 h. Accumulation of NH3 was lower and pH was higher in TB vials (P < 0.05) than in UB vials. VFA production and fermentation efficiency were lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB. Formaldehyde treatment of barley reduced (P < 0.05) the production of propionate and enhanced (P < 0.05) the production of butyrate in comparison with UB. Examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the initial colonization of TB was inhibited in comparison with that of UB. The distinct shape of the endosperm cells of TB (12 h) were readily recognizable, but the endosperm cells of UB (12 h) were not readily distinguishable. SEM of TB (24 h) showed that the protein matrix of the endosperm cell is resistant to microbial digestion. The formaldehyde-induced reduction in starch digestion appears to result from the protein matrix inhibiting the access of bacteria to underlying starch granules. Key words: Starch, rumen bacteria, formaldehyde, barley

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PSIX-5 Diet is more powerful than age in shaping the rumen bacterial community and function of dairy cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.792 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 444-444

Author(s):

YangYi Hao ◽

Shuai Huang ◽

Shengli Li

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Great Ability ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

High Fiber ◽

Fiber Diet ◽

High Fiber Diet ◽

And Function

Abstract The objective was to understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, 48 dairy cattle were selected. Rumen fluid samples were collected from each animal at 1.5 (1.5M, milk and starter diet, n=8), 6 (6M, starter and oat grass, n=8), 9 (9M, high fiber diet, n=8), 18 (18M, high fiber diet, n=8), 23 (23M, high fiber diet, n=8) and 27 (27M, high grain diet, n=8) months old. The acetate/propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 were significantly higher than M27 and M1.5 (P < 0.05), while the A/P at M6 was lower than others (P < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid at M23 and M27 was higher than others (P < 0.05). The urease at M18 was significantly lower than M1.5, M6, and M9 (P < 0.05), and the xylanase at M18 was significantly higher than M1.5, M23, and M27 (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing data and the Linear discriminant analysis showed that thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers among ages and diets. The age and diet contributed 7.98% and 32.49% to the rumen bacteria community using the variation partitioning approach analysis. The norank_f_p-251-o5 was significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.83, P < 0.01), while Eubacterium was significantly and negatively correlated with age (r = -0.84, P < 0.01). Dietary fiber showed a strong correlation (r > 0.80, P < 0.01) with Lachnospiraceae, NK4A214_group, Saccharofermentans, Clostridia, Pseudobutyrivibrio Bacteroidales_UCG-001. These genera also negatively correlated with dietary crude protein and starch (r < - 0.80, P < 0.01). All these bacteria were significantly correlated with A/P, acetate, and urease (r > 0.5, P < 0.05). These findings collectively indicated that diet drives the great ability to shape the rumen bacteria community and function than age.

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Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m69-247 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 1365-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

K. -J. Cheng ◽

G. A. Jones ◽

F. J. Simpson ◽

M. P. Bryant

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Heterocyclic Ring ◽

Ring Structure ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Rutin Degradation

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.

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