Effect of Time and Temperature on Biodiesel Production using Melon (Cucumeropsismannii), Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and Soya bean (Glycine max)

This study investigated the optimum condition for biodiesel production at varying temperatures and time using melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) seed oils. Extraction of oil from Cucumeropsismannii, Arachis hypogea, and Glycine max was accomplished using n-hexane (67.7-69.2oC) as the solvent. Biodiesel was produced from the three different seed oils at varying temperatures of 65oC, 55oC, and 45oC and also at the varied time of 60mins, 50mins and 40mins. The best percentage yield was obtained at a temperature of 65oC and a period of 60 minutes. At 40 min, the process was not complete. A good number of the transesterification process was completed at 50 mins. Also, at the lower temperature of 45oC, the method was not complete. The maximum % yield of the biodiesel obtained was 90.83% for Glycine max, 78.00% for Arachis hypogea, and 77.58% for Cucumeropsismannii seed oils. Fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, carbon residue, cloud point, water content, flash point, cetane index, and sulfated ash were examined on the biodiesel. The flash point, carbon residue, kinematic viscosity, and water content were within the standard specified for petrol diesel. Cloud point and pour points of this product were found to be greater than that of petrol diesel. The cetane index was lower than the standard specified for petrol diesel and the three samples contained no sulfated ash. Therefore, melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) are good alternatives to biodiesel production. Copyright (c) The Authors

Nutritional evaluation of differently processed plant protein sources on the performance of broiler chickens

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to assess four differently protein sources on performance of broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty (250) day old unsex Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four differently processed plant protein sources i.e. cooked soybean, salt treated African locust bean and sprouted Bambara nut with groundnut cake (GNC) based diet as control, the treatments were replicated five times (12 birds per replicate) in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Results showed that daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were affected by different protein sources (p<0.05) at starter, finisher and overall phase. The carcass characteristics showed that live weight (1988-2160 g), slaughter weight (1610-1965 g) and plucked weight (1600-1814 g) were affected by different protein sources(p<0.05). The dressing percentage (83.31-86.25%) are not affected by different protein sources (p>0.05). The abdominal fat (0.61-0.64%), gizzard (1.61-1.77%), small intestine (40.80-43.20 cm) and large intestine (141.80-201.60 cm) were affected by the different protein sources (p<0.05). All the prime cuts were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the dietary protein sources. Total feed cost is highest in soya-bean based diet (N 379.30). The highest body weight (4.53 kg) is in soya bean-based diet. The feed cost per kg gain is highest in GNC based diet (N 158.34) and lowest in soya bean based diet (N 126.43). All the protein sources enhanced the growth performance of broiler chickens; however, soybean was more effective in enhancing the performance of broiler chickens.

FORMULATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF HIGH PROTEIN DIET PRODUCED FROM YELLOW MAIZE (Zea mays) SOYA BEAN (GLYCINE MAX), PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo) SEED AND FISH (Alestes nurse) MEAL

The aim of this study was to produce high protein diet for growing children from yellow maize, soya bean, pumpkin seed and fish meal. The raw materials were subjected to different processing techniques. The yellow maize (YM) was blended with different proportions of soya bean (SB), pumpkin seeds (PS) and fish meal (FM) with a view to formulating a high protein diet to address protein Energy Malnutrition. The formulated food Blends were; Blend 1 (70 % YM: 30 % SB), Blend 2 (70 % YM: 30 % PS), Blend 3 (70 % YM: 30 % FM), Blend 4 (70 % YM: 20 % SB :10 % PS), Blend 5 (70 % YM: 15 % SB: 15 % FM), Blend 6 (60 % YM: 20 % PS: 20 % FM), and a therapeutic milk (F-100) was used as a control diet. The raw materials and the food Blends were assayed for proximate, mineral, vitamin content and amino acid profile. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. The results of the proximate composition showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in moisture, protein, total fat and fibre contents of the fermented yellow maize, roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed while that of the dried fish showed significant (P<0.05) increase. The results shows that food Blend 6 had highest values for protein (17.77±0.09 %), total fat (6.00±0.27%) and total energy (388.10±0.29 Kcal/100g). A Significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in the mineral element content of yellow maize and fish meal after fermentation and drying respectively, while an increase was observed in roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed. The food Blend 5 recorded higher value for Na, and K, while the control diet had higher value for P, Zn, Fe and Cu. An increase in B-group vitamins, and vitamin C, were observed in the samples, while decreased in fat soluble vitamins A and E were observed in fermented yellow maize and dried fish, while decrease was observed in roasted soybean and pumpkin seed. The control diet had higher value for all the vitamins analyzed compared to the food Blends, except for vitamin A and E. The result of the amino acid profile showed that the levels of the essential amino acids were increased in the fermented yellow maize, and dried fish, while a reduction was observed in roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed. However, all the prepared food Blends were enhanced in terms of essential amino acid, but more enhanced in food Blend 6, followed very closely by food Blend 5. The amino acid profile of the control Blend was higher than those of the food Blends1, 2, 3 and 4. Thus, the high energy and protein contents of the formulated diets are adequate in the management of PEM.

Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chicks (0 – 4 weeks) Fed Diets Containing Spurge Weed (Euphorbia heterophylla) Leaf Meal

Soya bean, a conventional plant protein source in poultry feeding has become so costly and occasionally scarce resulting in high cost of poultry feed. The replacement of soya bean is therefore necessary to improve production. This study evaluated the effects of Euphorbia heterophylla (Spurge weed) leaf meal (EHLM) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of One Hundred and Eighty (180) Ross 308 strain of broiler chicks. They were randomly allotted to six (6) experimental diets with three replications of ten bird each and fed for 28 days. Diets were formulated such that EHLM was included as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 which replaces soya bean meal in the basal diets. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Results indicated that the average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, average daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio and average final live weight, were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatment groups while average feed conversion ratio and mortality were not affected. Digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, EE, NFE and Ash showed significant different(P<0.05) among treatment groups. However, bird fed T2, T3 and T4 digest nutrient efficiently compared with the control than T5 and T6. It was therefore concluded that upto 15% EHLM levels could be adopted for optimum growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks aged 0-4 weeks. Le soja, une source conventionnelle de protéines végétales dans l'alimentation de la volaille, est devenu si coûteux et parfois rare, ce qui entraîne un coût élevé de l'alimentation de la volaille. Le remplacement du soja est donc nécessaire pour améliorer la production. Cette étude a évalué les effets de la farine de feuilles (EHLM) d'Euphorbia heterophylla (euphorbe ésule) sur les performances de croissance et la digestibilité des nutriments de la souche cent quatre-vingt (180) Ross 308 de poulets de chair. Ils ont été répartis au hasard dans six (6) régimes expérimentaux avec trois répétitions de dix oiseaux chacun et nourris pendant 28 jours. Les régimes ont été formulés de telle sorte que l'EHLM a été inclus en tant que niveaux de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 et 25 % pour T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 et T6 qui remplace le tourteau de soja dans les régimes de base. Les données recueillies ont été soumises à une analyse de variance dans un plan complètement randomisé. Les résultats ont indiqué que l'apport alimentaire quotidien moyen, le gain de poids quotidien moyen, l'apport protéique quotidien moyen, le ratio d'efficacité protéique et le poids vif final moyen étaient significativement différents (P< 0,05) entre les groupes de traitement, tandis que le taux de conversion alimentaire moyen etla mortalité n'étaient pas affectés. Le coefficient de digestibilité de CP, CF, EE, NFE et Ash a montré une différence significative (P<0,05) parmi les groupes de traitement. Cependant, les oiseaux nourris avec T2, T3 et T4 digèrent efficacement les nutriments par rapport au témoin que T5 et T6. Il a donc été conclu que jusqu'à 15 % de niveaux d'EHLM pouvaient être adoptés pour des performances de croissance optimales et une digestibilité des nutriments chez les poulets de chair âgés de 0 à 4 semaines.

Protective effect of Soya Bean oil against Bisphenol A induced interstitial lung fibrosis in mice.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate cytoprotective effects of soyabean oil supplementation against interstitial fibrosis induced in lungs of adult mice by Bisphenol A. Study Design: Experimental Study. Setting: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. Period: Nov 2015 to Nov 2016. Material & Methods: Forty healthy adult BALB/c mice of 9 - 11 weeks of age and weighing from 30-37gms were included in this study and were housed in controlled environment of animal house of NIH, Islamabad. Group A animals (10) served as controls. Group B animals (10) were given BPA orally at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight/day and Group C animals (10) were given soya bean oil at a dose of 500mg/day and Group D animals (10) were given BPA and Soya bean oil at doses of 50mg/kg body weight/day and 500mg/day respectively. All doses were administered orally once daily for a period of eight weeks. Animals were dissected 24hrs after receiving the last dose. Lung tissue specimen processing and Masson trichrome staining was done for the histological study. Lung interstitial fibrosis was morphometrically and statistically analysed using SPSSv21. Results: Microscopic examination showed Grade 2 interstitial fibrosis in 80% specimens in Group B, whereas only 60% specimens of Group D had Grade 1 interstitial fibrosis. Conclusion: It was concluded from results that BPA produces interstitial fibrosis and con-concomitant administration of soya bean oil diet protects against development of lung interstitial fibrosis.

Pengaruh Promosi Makanan Tradisional Ngai Soya Beancurd Lewat Sosial Media Instagram Terhadap Minat Beli Warga Duta Garden

Over time, the culinary world has also experienced significant developments, both from nontraditional foods and traditional foods. Therefore, product variation is one of the things that is not taboo in the culinary world, this can be seen from the many product variations that are dominated by non-traditional foods from various forms of food through the taste and appearance of the product itself. This makes one of the traditional food brands, namely Ngai Soya BeanCurd, want to make product variations, especially for bean curd products, where the presentation given is different from bean curd in general, which is served with ginger sauce as a complement and with hot temperatures but Ngai Soya BeanCurd makes variations in terms of presentation, which is served with a cold temperature. This is a challenge in itself for Ngai Soya BeanCurd in determining promotions to increase people's buying interest in tofu products, one of which is by using Instagram social media as a means to promote these products to be known by the wider community because social media is also a good place or place. for a means of promoting a product. So this research was conducted to determine whether there is an effect of promotion strategies through social media Instagram in increasing purchasing power of the tofu flower brand, namely Ngai Soya Bean Curd. Seiring perkembangan jaman, dunia kuliner pun mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan, baik dari makanan non tradisional maupun makanan traditional. Oleh karena itu variasi produk merupakan salah satu hal yang tidak tabu dalam dunia kuliner, hal ini dapat dilihat dari banyaknya variasi-variasi produk yang didominasi oleh makanan non tradisional dari berbagai bentuk makanan melalui rasa, dan penampilan dari produk tersebut sendiri. Hal ini membuat salah satu brand makanan tradisional yaitu Ngai Soya BeanCurd ingin melakukan variasi produk khususnya untuk produk kembang tahu, dimana penyajian yang diberikan berbeda dengan kembang tahu pada umumnya yaitu disajikan dengan kuah jahe sebagai pelengkap dan dengan suhu yang panas tetapi Ngai Soya BeanCurd melakukan variasi dalam hal penyajiannya yaitu disajikan dengan suhu yang dingin. Hal ini menjadi tantangan tersendiri untuk Ngai Soya BeanCurd dalam menentukan promosi untuk meningkatkan minat beli masyarakat terhadap produk kembang tahu, salah satunya dengan menggunakan media sosial Instagram sebagai sarana untuk mempromosikan produk tersebut agar dikenal oleh masyarakat luas dikarenakan media sosial juga merupakan wadah atau tempat yang baik untuk sarana mempromosikan sebuah produk. Sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh strategi promosi lewat sosial media instagram dalam meningkatkan minat beli pada brand kembang tahu yaitu Ngai Soya BeanCurd.

Proximate Analysis of Poultry-Mix Formed Feed Using Maize Bran as a Base

The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the proximate analysis of poultry-mix made using maize bran as a basis. Red beans, soya beans, and benny beans were the three samples utilised in this study. This work investigates the appropriate poultry mix for birds breed for meat and egg. Thirty grammes of proteinous feedstock were weighed and homogeneously combined with 70 grammes of maize bran. The following was revealed in a proximate analysis of the feeds: moisture ranged from 1.18% to 1.54%, unrefined lipids 0.99–3.08%, total carbohydrate 57% to 72%, ash content 38.48% to 38.92%, unrefined protein 18.38% to 22.53% and unrefined fiber 2.0% to 4.65% respectively for broilers and layers. In terms of nutritional concentrations, all feed samples showed a substantial variation. Based on the findings of the study, it can be stated that Soya bean-maize bran is an excellent poultry-mix formulation that has deep well-disposed benefits and meets nearly all nutritional needs for meat and egg-producing birds.