Changing perspectives on goal-directed attention control: The past, present, and future of modeling fixations during visual search

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-286
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Zelinsky ◽  
Yupei Chen ◽  
Seoyoung Ahn ◽  
Hossein Adeli
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Visual Search P300 Source Analysis Based On ERP-fMRI Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuzhu Zhang ◽  
Cimei Luo ◽  
Junjun Zhang ◽  
Zhenlan Jin ◽  
Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Source Location ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
P300 Component

ABSTRACTAttention control can be achieved in two ways, stimulus-driven bottom-up attention and goal-driven top-down attention. Different visual search tasks involve different attention control. The pop-out task requires more bottom-up attention, whereas the search task involves more top-down attention. P300 which is the positive potential generated by the brain in the latency of 300-600 ms after the stimulus, reflects the processing of cognitive process and is an important component in visual attention. The P300 source is not consistent in the previous researches, our aim therefore, is to study the source location of P300 component based on visual search attention process. Here we use pop-out and search paradigm to get the ERP data of 13 subjects and the fMRI data of 25 subjects, and analyze the source location of P300 using the ERP-fMRI integration technology with high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution. The target differs from the distractor in color and orientation in the pop-out task, whereas the target and the distractor have different orientation and the same color in the search task. ERP results indicate that pop-out induces larger P300 concentrated in the parietal lobe, whereas search induced P300 is more distributed in the frontal lobe. Further ERP and fMRI integration analyses reveal that the left angular gyrus, right postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe and the left superior frontal gyrus (medial orbital) are the source of P300. Our study suggests the contribution of the frontal and parietal lobes to the P300 component.

Staging the Lived Experience and Socialist Everyday Life in Post-Yugoslav Theater

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Iva Kosmos
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Memory Models ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Dominant Narratives ◽  
Dominant Representation

Authoritative models of remembering Yugoslavia tend to exclude experiences of living people while often reproducing the memory trope of “totalitarian legacy.” Several theater performances that appeared in 2010 and 2011 challenged these memory models, as they centered on performers’ personal experiences and recollections as legitimate sources of understanding, imagining, and discussing the past. This article investigates how lived experience is (re)constructed in the theater and whether these performances differ from dominant narratives. Reception analysis of selected performances has shown that public and media appear to find affective memories of socialism more acceptable if told from the position of victims and “authentic” witnesses. Performances widened and diversified the cultural memory of socialism and directed attention to positively evaluated experiences of socialist culture and everyday life, such as multicultural and supranational interactions in Yugoslavia. Nevertheless, the dominant representation of Yugoslav state as totalitarian was not challenged, but rather sidestepped. The focus on popular and everyday culture thus remains the predominant memory model for remembering Yugoslavia in theater, which can be seen as a part of wider processes of gradual reevaluation of socialist life in post-socialist Europe.

scholarly journals Visual search in breast imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1102) ◽  
pp. 20190057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziba Gandomkar ◽  
Claudia Mello-Thoms
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Breast Imaging ◽  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Radiology Workflow ◽  
Breast Tomosynthesis ◽  
The Past

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide and large volumes of breast images are produced and interpreted annually. As long as radiologists interpret these images, the diagnostic accuracy will be limited by human factors and both false-positive and false-negative errors might occur. By understanding visual search in breast images, we may be able to identify causes of diagnostic errors, find ways to reduce them, and also provide a better education to radiology residents. Many visual search studies in breast radiology have been devoted to mammography. These studies showed that 70% of missed lesions on mammograms attract radiologists’ visual attention and that a plethora of different reasons, such as satisfaction of search, incorrect background sampling, and incorrect first impression can cause diagnostic errors in the interpretation of mammograms. Recently, highly accurate tools, which rely on both eye-tracking data and the content of the mammogram, have been proposed to provide feedback to the radiologists. Improving these tools and determining the optimal pathway to integrate them in the radiology workflow could be a possible line of future research. Moreover, in the past few years deep learning has led to improving diagnostic accuracy of computerized diagnostic tools and visual search studies will be required to understand how radiologists interact with the prompts from these tools, and to identify the best way to utilize them. Visual search in other breast imaging modalities, such as breast ultrasound and digital breast tomosynthesis, have so far received less attention, probably due to associated complexities of eye-tracking monitoring and analysing the data. For example, in digital breast tomosynthesis, scrolling through the image results in longer trials, adds a new factor to the study’s complexity and makes calculation of gaze parameters more difficult. However, considering the wide utilization of three-dimensional imaging modalities, more visual search studies involving reading stack-view examinations are required in the future. To conclude, in the past few decades visual search studies provided extensive understanding about underlying reasons for diagnostic errors in breast radiology and characterized differences between experts’ and novices’ visual search patterns. Further visual search studies are required to investigate radiologists’ interaction with relatively newer imaging modalities and artificial intelligence tools.

The Law of International Organizations: A Subject which needs Exploration and Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

AbstractThe law of international organizations, including the institutional law, has been somewhat neglected in the past, even though, or perhaps because, international organizations are creations largely of the 20th century. In my treatise on Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations, first published in late 1996 and going now, at the request of the publisher, into a second edition, I directed attention, perhaps in a seminal way, to this institutional law, its importance and its qualification to be considered a specific category not only of general international law but also of international organizational law. In my view there is ample room for further thorough study of various aspects particularly of this law without neglecting the functional international law of international organizations. Apart from principle, their application or non-application in practice may usefully be studied. This by itself justifies a law journal devoted to the subject of international organizational law in general. Moreover, the justification is further reinforced by the fact that now international organizations have become a feature of everyday life in the world. Here, at the risk of repeating what I have said in my book referred to above, because such repetition can only emphasize the importance of the subject matter, I shall concentrate on four aspects which are relevant to international organizational law, to its importance as a part of international law and to its influence on international relations: (i) the pervasiveness of international organizations; (ii) the concept of international institutional law; (iii) its nature; and (iv) its sources.

Working with the past

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Directed Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Families Of Origin

Recent publicity surrounding one particular case has directed attention again to how much information should be shared with prospective adopters about a child's past. Margaret Hunter describes her work with children separated from their families of origin whose placements have come under strain.

scholarly journals Myopia-correcting lenses decrease eye fatigue in a visual search task for both adolescents and adults

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258441
Author(s):  
Hyeongsuk Ryu ◽  
Uijong Ju ◽  
Christian Wallraven
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eye Fatigue ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

The steady, world-wide increase in myopia prevalence in children over the past decades has raised concerns. As an early intervention for axial-length-related myopia, correcting lenses have been developed (such as Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segment (DIMS) lenses), which have been shown to be effective in slowing myopia progression. Beyond this direct effect, however, it is not known whether such lenses also affect other aspects important to the wearer, such as eye fatigue, and how such effects may differ across age, as these lenses so far are typically only tested with adolescents. In the present work, we therefore investigated perceived fatigue levels according to lens type (normal vs DIMS) and age (adolescents vs adults) in a demanding visual search task (“Finding Wally”) at two difficulty levels (easy vs difficult). Whereas age and difficulty did not result in significant differences in eye fatigue, we found a clear reduction of fatigue levels in both age groups when wearing the correcting lenses. Hence, the additional accommodation of these lens types may result in less strain in a task requiring sustained eye movements at near viewing distances.

Dating the Eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona

1936 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Almost All

Almost all archaeological work in the Southwest in the past several years has been an attempt to establish a series of events in their proper time and space context. This implies as the ultimate objective the building of a spacial series of chronologies, each one of which will give as complete an historical picture as is possible to obtain from archaeological data. The particular emphasis which has been, and is being, placed on chronology has directed attention to the methods by which this end is attained. The method has been set forth in 1931 by Leslie Spier in an article in “Methods in Social Science.”The list which Spier suggested is composed of the following methods: geology and paleontology, distribution, typology, stratigraphy, seriation, annual deposits, and documents.

scholarly journals Predicting Goal-directed Attention Control Using Inverse-Reinforcement Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Zelinsky ◽  
Seoyoung Ahn ◽  
Yupei Chen ◽  
Zhibo Yang ◽  
Hossein Adeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Inverse Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Directed Attention

scholarly journals Modeling Attention Control Using A Convolutional Neural Network Designed After The Ventral Visual Pathway

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Ping Yu ◽  
Huidong Liu ◽  
Dimitris Samaras ◽  
Gregory Zelinsky
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Control Signals ◽  
Image Patches ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway ◽  
Subordinate Level

AbstractRecently we proposed that people represent object categories using category-consistent features (CCFs), those features that occur both frequently and consistently across a categorys exemplars [70]. Here we designed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) after the primate ventral stream (VsNet) and used it to extract CCFs from 68 categories of objects spanning a three-level category hierarchy. We evaluated VsNet against people searching for the same targets from the same 68 categories. Not only did VsNet replicate our previous report of stronger attention guidance to subordinate-level targets, with its more powerful CNN-CCFs it was able to predict attention control to individual target categories–the more CNN-CCFs extracted for a category, the faster gaze was directed to the target. We also probed VsNet to determine where in its network of layers these attention control signals originate. We found that CCFs extracted from VsNet’s V1 layer contributed most to guiding attention to targets cued at the subordinate (e.g., police car) and basic (e.g., car) levels, but that guidance to superordinate-cued (e.g., vehicle) targets was strongest using CCFs from the CIT+AIT layer. We also identified the image patches eliciting the strongest filter responses from areas V4 and higher and found that they depicted representative parts of an object category (e.g., advertisements appearing on top of taxi cabs). Finally, we found that VsNet better predicted attention control than comparable CNN models, despite having fewer convolutional filters. This work shows that a brain-inspired CNN can predict goal-directed attention control by extracting and using category-consistent features.

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