Recently the science and technology of fine particles have been greatly advanced to meet the urgent demands of modern industries for specific and sophisticated functions for various materials, including catalysts, sensors, electromagnetic devices, and photosensitive materials. Monodispersed colloidal Systems are invaluable for this purpose because the entire system's uniform physicochemical properties directly reflect the properties of each constituent particle. Procedures for modifying monodispersed particles have progressed remarkably in recent years so that specific characteristics can be achieved. This article focuses on the backgrounds of science and technology for controlling the properties of inorganic monodispersed particles and on new developments in this field.Colloidal particles are normally formed through a sequential process of nucleation and growth of the nuclei. To obtain a monodisperse System, the two stages must be strictly separated and nucleation avoided during the growth period. Since the steady concentration of monomers in the growth stage is determined by the balance between the rates of generation of monomers and their consumption by particle growth, the generation or introduction rate of monomers must be controlled so that it is low enough to keep the balanced monomer concentration below the critical supersaturation after the nucleation period. Typically, the initial concentrations of metal sait, pH, and temperature are adjusted to meet this requirement for the formation of monodispersed metal hydrous oxide particles by forced hydrolysis of metal ions.An artificial separation between nucleation and growth processes may be achieved by “seeding,” in which foreign particles are introduced into the solution of monomers below the critical supersaturation. One may also lower the pH in hydrolysis of metal ions, dilute with solvent, add chelating agents, or suddenly change the temperature just after limited nucleation. All these procedures could cause the monomer concentration above the critical supersaturation to plunge to a level below it.
Cantilever-Droplet-Based Sensing of Magnetic Particle Concentrations in Liquids