Growth controls over flowering phenology response to climate change in three temperate steppes along a precipitation gradient

2019 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Zhou ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jian Song ◽  
Jingyi Ru ◽  
Lingjie Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Precipitation Gradient ◽  
Growth Controls

scholarly journals LATE BLOOMING OF PLANTS FROM NORTHERN NOVA SCOTIA: RESPONSES TO A MILD FALL AND WINTER

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Garbary ◽  
Jonathan Ferrier ◽  
Barry R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Date ◽  
Cornus Sericea ◽  
Allium Schoenoprasum ◽  
Herbaceous Dicots

Over 1400 flowering records of 135 species were recorded from over 125visits to more than 20 sites in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia from November2005 to January 2006, when the growing season is normally over. The speciesidentified were primarily herbaceous dicots; however, there were four speciesof woody plants (Cornus sericea, Spiraea latifolia, Symphoricarpos albusand Salix sp.) and one monocot (Allium schoenoprasum). The number ofspecies flowering declined linearly as fall progressed, as did the amountof flowering for each species. Nevertheless, over 40 species were still inflower in early December, and over 20 species flowered in January. Thefinal flowering date was 21 January, when ten species were found. Thiswork builds on a previous study in 2001, when 93 species were recordedin flower during November-December. In addition to the 30% increase inrecorded species in 2005, almost 50% of the species found in 2005 werenot recorded in 2001. This study provides an expanded baseline againstwhich changes in flowering phenology can be evaluated with respect tosubsequent regional climate change.Key Words: Antigonish, flowering, Nova Scotia, phenology, climate change

Nitrogen fixation beyond leguminous plants: characterising overlooked plant-bacteria associations in the light of climate change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Rousk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Gradient ◽  
Cyanobacterial Community ◽  
Moss Species

<p>Nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) fixation performed by moss-associated cyanobacteria is one of the main sources of new N in pristine, high latitude ecosystems like boreal forests and arctic tundra. Here, mosses and associated cyanobacteria can contribute more than 50% to total ecosystem N input. However, N<sub>2</sub> fixation in mosses is strongly influenced by abiotic factors, in particular moisture and temperature. Hence, climate change will significantly affect this key ecosystem process in pristine ecosystems. Here, I will present a synthesis of several field and laboratory assessments of moss-associated N<sub>2</sub> fixation in response to climate change by manipulating moisture and temperature in subarctic and arctic tundra.</p><p>Both in a long-term climate warming experiment in the arctic, and along a continental climate gradient, spanning arctic, subarctic and temperate ecosystems, increased temperatures (up to 30 °C) lead to either no effect or decreased N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates in different moss species. Yet, N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates were strongly dependent on moss-moisture, which seems to be a more important driver of N<sub>2</sub> fixation in mosses than temperature.</p><p>In another set of studies, two dominant moss species (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi) were collected from a steep precipitation gradient (400-1200 mm mean annual precipitation, MAP) in the Subarctic close to Abisko, Northern Sweden, and were incubated at different moisture and temperature levels in the laboratory. Nitrogen fixation, cyanobacterial abundance (via qPCR) and cyanobacterial community composition (via sequencing) on the mosses were assessed. Moisture and temperature interacted strongly to control moss-associated N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates, and the highest activity was found at the wet end of the precipitation gradient. Although cyanobacterial abundance was higher in one of the investigated mosses (H. splendens), translating into higher N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates, cyanobacterial community composition did not differ between the two moss species. Nostoc was the most common cyanobacterial genera on both mosses, and hardly any methanotrophic N<sub>2</sub> fixing bacteria were found on the mosses along the precipitation gradient. Increased temperatures lead to increased abundances of certain cyanobacterial genera (Cylindrospermum and Nostoc), while others declined in response to warming. Hence, cyanobacterial communities colonizing mosses will be dominated by a few cyanobacteria species in a warmer climate, and temperature and moisture interact strongly to affect their activity. Thus, these two major climate change factors should be considered in unison when estimating climate change effects on key ecosystem processes such as N<sub>2</sub> fixation. Further, host identity determines cyanobacterial abundance, and thereby, N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1743) ◽  
pp. 3843-3852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill T. Anderson ◽  
David W. Inouye ◽  
Amy M. McKinney ◽  
Robert I. Colautti ◽  
Tom Mitchell-Olds
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Evolutionary Response

Anthropogenic climate change has already altered the timing of major life-history transitions, such as the initiation of reproduction. Both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution can underlie rapid phenological shifts in response to climate change, but their relative contributions are poorly understood. Here, we combine a continuous 38 year field survey with quantitative genetic field experiments to assess adaptation in the context of climate change. We focused on Boechera stricta (Brassicaeae), a mustard native to the US Rocky Mountains. Flowering phenology advanced significantly from 1973 to 2011, and was strongly associated with warmer temperatures and earlier snowmelt dates. Strong directional selection favoured earlier flowering in contemporary environments (2010–2011). Climate change could drive this directional selection, and promote even earlier flowering as temperatures continue to increase. Our quantitative genetic analyses predict a response to selection of 0.2 to 0.5 days acceleration in flowering per generation, which could account for more than 20 per cent of the phenological change observed in the long-term dataset. However, the strength of directional selection and the predicted evolutionary response are likely much greater now than even 30 years ago because of rapidly changing climatic conditions. We predict that adaptation will likely be necessary for long-term in situ persistence in the context of climate change.

scholarly journals Ehretia pubescens Benth. with differential germinability patterns due to climate change

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Amalaurpava Mary Michael* ◽  
Gopal G.V.
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
The Impact

Climate change may influence the composition of plant communities by affecting the reproduction, growth, establishment and local extinction of plant species. Predicting the effect of climate change may provide insight into the impact and relationship between weather pattern and flowering phenology in long term studies. Pollen viability is one important factor of reproduction. Pollen viability is essential for a good fruit set. The study is undertaken to evaluate the influence of temperature and rainfall fluctuation pattern on floral phenology and pollen viability in the restricted distribution of the plant Ehretia pubescens Benth. Field observation on floral phenology has revealed changes occurring in the pollen viability with the change of temperature and rainfall. The plants show drought resistant; however, it is observed that it blooms immediately after the rainfall. Change in the rainfall pattern results in change in flowering pattern. On the natural habitat fruit set is a good indicating of good germinability of pollen grain in vivo. In vitro pollen germinability is less efficient for this species as supported by the data.

scholarly journals The influence of experimental warming on flowering phenology of Moss Campion, Silene acaulis / Experimentel hiting ávirkar blóming hjá leggstuttari túvublómu (Silene acaulis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Fosaa ◽  
Olivia Danielsen ◽  
Herborg Nyholm Debes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Silene Acaulis ◽  
First Flowering Date ◽  
Temperature Manipulation

<p><strong>Úrtak</strong></p><p>Í níggju ár kannaðu vit, á hvønn hátt experimentel hiting ávirkar tey ymisku stigini í blómingini hjá leggstuttari túvublómu, <em>Silene acaulis </em>í Føroyum. Hitin varð experimentelt øktur við smáum sekshyrntum vakstrarhúsum, ið eru gjørd úr polycarbonate. Tey eru opin í erva og tí navnið „Open top Champers“ (OTC). Kanningarnar vórðu gjørdar í fjallaøki í 600 m hædd, har blómustigini hjá leggstuttari túvublómu regluliga vórðu mátað í vakstrartíðini frá mai til juli mánað í tíggju OTC og tíggju kontrollum. Kanningarnar, ið vit skriva um í hesi grein, eru frá 2001 og hvørt ár frá 2007­2010. Vit skrivaðu upp tíðarskeiðið, tá fyrsti blómuknubbin var sjónligur, tíðarskeiðið tá fyrsta blóman var útsprungin, tá fyrsta og seinasta   krúnublað   følnaði. Kanningarnar eru ein partur av altjóða samstarvinum „International   Tundra   Experiment“ ITEX, ið er eitt samstarv millum fleiri støð serliga á norðraru hálvu, har kanningar verða gjørdar. Kanningarnar  hava  til  endamáls  at  granska árinið av veðurlagsbroytingum á plantuvøkstur. Úrslitini frá hesari kanning vísa greiðar munir millum OTC og kontrollarnar. Sum heild komu øll stigini í blómingini umleið eina viku fyrr í OTC enn í kontrollunum. Longdin á øllum blómingartíðarskeiðinum var ikki ymisk í OTC og kontrollunum. Okkara OTC øktu bara hitan umleið 1°C um summarið og broyttu neyvan vetrarhitan. Hetta og ymisk onnur viðurskifti gera, at úrslitini ikki siga okkum alla søguna um broytingarnar í føroyskum plantuvøkstri, sum fara at koma av globalu upphitingini.</p><p> </p><p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract</strong></p><p>Over a period of nine years we studied the influence of experimental warming on the flowering  phenology  of  Moss  Campion<strong>, </strong><em>Silene acaulis </em>in the Faroes. The temperature was experimentally elevated with hexagonal greenhouses called open top chambers (OTC´s) made by polycarbonate. The experiment was conducted in an alpine area at 600 m a.s.l. where the flowering stage of <em>Silene acaulis </em>was measured regularly during the growing season from May to July in ten OTC´s and ten control plots. In this paper, we present observations from 2001 and every year from 2007  to  2010. We  measured  four  events  in the flowering stage: first visible bud (FB), first flowering  date  (FO),  first petal  drop (FPD) and last petal drop (LPD). This experiment is a part of „The International Tundra Experiment“ (ITEX) that is a collaborative, multisite experiment using a common temperature manipulation to examine the influence of climate change on vegetation. The results from our experiment showed statistically significant changes between the OTC´s and the control plots for all four events. Typically, the events occurred about one week earlier in the OTC´s. The length of the flowering period from FB to LPD was not significally different in the OTC´s from the control plots. The warming induced by the OTC´s in our experiment was only about 1oC in the summer and less than that in the winter. This and other confounding effects such as sheltering imply that care should be taken when using our results to predict phenological in the Faroes changes induced by global warming.</p>

scholarly journals Experimental Test of the Combined Effects of Water Availability and Flowering Time on Pollinator Visitation and Seed Set

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kate Gallagher ◽  
Diane R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Plant Reproductive Success

Climate change is likely to alter both flowering phenology and water availability for plants. Either of these changes alone can affect pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success. The relative impacts of phenology and water, and whether they interact in their impacts on plant reproductive success remain, however, largely unexplored. We manipulated flowering phenology and soil moisture in a factorial experiment with the subalpine perennial Mertensia ciliata (Boraginaceae). We examined responses of floral traits, floral abundance, pollinator visitation, and composition of visits by bumblebees vs. other pollinators. To determine the net effects on plant reproductive success, we also measured seed production and seed mass. Reduced water led to shorter, narrower flowers that produced less nectar. Late flowering plants produced fewer and shorter flowers. Both flowering phenology and water availability influenced pollination and reproductive success. Differences in flowering phenology had greater effects on pollinator visitation than did changes in water availability, but the reverse was true for seed production and mass, which were enhanced by greater water availability. The probability of receiving a flower visit declined over the season, coinciding with a decline in floral abundance in the arrays. Among plants receiving visits, both the visitation rate and percent of non-bumblebee visitors declined after the first week and remained low until the final week. We detected interactions of phenology and water on pollinator visitor composition, in which plants subject to drought were the only group to experience a late-season resurgence in visits by solitary bees and flies. Despite that interaction, net reproductive success measured as seed production responded additively to the two manipulations of water and phenology. Commonly observed declines in flower size and reward due to drought or shifts in phenology may not necessarily result in reduced plant reproductive success, which in M. ciliata responded more directly to water availability. The results highlight the need to go beyond studying single responses to climate changes, such as either phenology of a single species or how it experiences an abiotic factor, in order to understand how climate change may affect plant reproductive success.

scholarly journals Land cover effects on hydrologic services under a precipitation gradient

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ane Zabaleta ◽  
Eneko Garmendia ◽  
Petr Mariel ◽  
Ibon Tamayo ◽  
Iñaki Antigüedad
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Gradient ◽  
Bay Of Biscay ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Exotic Plantations ◽  
Hydrological Services

Abstract. Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle are altering the quantity, quality, and temporal distribution of riverine discharge, necessitating a more rigorous consideration of changes in land cover and land use. This study establishes relationships between different land cover combinations (e.g., percentages of forest – both native and exotic – and pastureland) and hydrological services, using hydrological indices estimated at annual and seasonal time scales in an area with a steep precipitation gradient (900–2600 mm y−1). Using discharge data from 20 catchments in the Bay of Biscay, a climate transition zone, the study applied multiple regression models to better understand how the interaction between precipitation and land cover combinations influence hydrological services. Findings showed the relationship between land cover combinations and hydrological services is highly dependent on the amount of precipitation, even in a climatically homogeneous and relatively small area. In general, in the Bay of Biscay area, the greater presence of any type of forests is associated with lower annual water resources, especially with greater percentages of exotic plantations and high annual precipitation. Where precipitation is low, forests show more potential to reduce annual and winter high flows than pasturelands, but this potential decreases as annual or seasonal precipitation increases. As annual precipitation increases, low flows increase as the percentage of exotic plantations decreases and pasturelands increase. Results obtained in this study improve understanding of the multiple effects of land cover on hydrological services, and illustrate the relevance of land planning to the management of water resources, especially under a climate change scenario.

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