A large part of the nitrogen (N) input in dairy farming systems in the Netherlands is lost from the system via N leaching and volatilization of gaseous N compounds, including the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The aim of the present study was to quantify N2O emission from dairy farming systems in the Netherlands, using a whole-farm approach. A total of 14 N2O sources was identified and emission factors were derived for each of these using the literature. Figures are presented for the amounts of N2O produced/kg herbage N produced (ranging from 4 to 89 g N2O-N kg-1 herbage N), depending on soil type and grassland management. Using Monte Carlo simulations, variations in mean total N2O emissions from the different sources were calculated for 3 model dairy farming systems differing in nutrient management. These different farming systems were chosen to assess the effect of improved nutrient management on total N2O emission. The total direct annual N2O emissions ranged from 15.4 +or-9.4 kg N2O-N/ha for the average dairy farming system in the 1980s to 5.3 +or-2.6 kg N2O-N/ha for a prototype of an economically feasible farming system with acceptable nutrient emissions. Leaching-derived, grazing-derived and fertilizer-derived N2O emissions were the major N2O sources on dairy farming systems. The total direct N2O emissions accounted for 3.2 to 4.6% of the N surplus on the dairy farming systems, suggesting that only a small amount of N was lost as N2O. Total N2O emissions from dairy farming systems in the Netherlands were 13.7+or-5.1 Gg N/year, which is about 35% of the estimated total N2O emission in the Netherlands. It is concluded that improvement of nutrient management of dairy farming systems will significantly decrease the N2O emissions from these systems, and thus the total N2O emission in the Netherlands.
Ammonia volatilisation from grazed, pasture based dairy farming systems
