Effects of trace minerals supply from rumen sustained release boluses on milk yields and components, rumen fermentation and the rumen bacteria in lactating yaks (Bos grunniens)

2021 ◽  
pp. 115184
Author(s):  
Z.W. Zhao ◽  
Z.Y. Ma ◽  
H.C. Wang ◽  
C.F. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Release ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bos Grunniens

scholarly journals 79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
Nicole T Briggs ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Status ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in the Ruminal Microbiota and Their Relationship With Rumen Fermentation in Lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejiao Yin ◽  
Shoukun Ji ◽  
Chunhui Duan ◽  
Peizhi Tian ◽  
Sisi Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

The rumen microbiota is vital for the health and growth performance of the host animal, mainly due to its role in the fermentation of ingested feed within the rumen. Attaining a better understanding of the development of the bacterial community and fermentation in the rumen can provide the theoretical basis for regulating feed utilization. This study analyzed the development of rumen bacteria in lambs from birth to 4 months of age using 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing data and studied its relationship with ruminal fermentation. Serum levels of metabolites were monitored at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age, and the RandomForest approach was used to determine age-related changes in rumen bacteria. Levels of blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, the rumen bacterial community and its functions were all affected by the age of the lambs (P < 0.05). Based on the Bray-Curtis distance within the age groups of the rumen microbiota, the similarity increased sharply after the lambs were weaned at 60 days of age (P < 0.05). The similarity between the samples collected from birth to 90 days of age and those collected at 120 days of age, increased after 20 days of age, reaching a maximum at 90 days vs. 120 days (P < 0.05). Some age-associated changes in the microbial genera were correlated with changes in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and the levels of microbial crude protein in the rumen, including positive correlations between main volatile fatty acids and the genera of Prevotella 1, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Ruminococcus 2 (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the microbial community and the function of rumen was not well-established before 20 days of age, so there is a degree of plasticity in the rumen bacterial community during the first 20 days of post-natal development in lambs, and this might provide an opportunity for interventions to improve rumen fermentation and, thus, increase their growth performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1788
Author(s):  
Yangyi Hao ◽  
Yue Gong ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Shoukun Ji ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Variation Partitioning ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
High Age ◽  
Community Variation ◽  
And Function

To understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, forty-eight dairy cattle at 1.5 (M1.5), 6 (M6), 9 (M9), 18 (M18), 23 (M23), and 27 (M27) months old were selected. Rumen fermentation profile, enzyme activity, and bacteria community in rumen fluid were measured. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 was higher than other ages, and M6 was the lowest (p < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) at M23 and M27 was higher than at other ages (p < 0.05). The urease at M18 was lower than at M1.5, M6, and M9, and the xylanase at M18 was higher than at M1.5, M23, and M27 (p < 0.05). Thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers of the different groups based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) when the LDA score >4. The variation partitioning approach analysis showed that the age and diet had a 7.98 and 32.49% contribution to the rumen bacteria community variation, respectively. The richness of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter were positive correlated with age (r > 0.60, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with TVFA and acetate (r > 0.50, p < 0.01). The Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans has a positive correlation (r > 0.80, p < 0.05) with diet fiber and a negative correlation (r < −0.80, p < 0.05) with diet protein and starch, which were also positively correlated with the acetate and A/P (r > 0.50, p < 0.01). The genera of Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans could be worked as the target bacteria to modulate the rumen fermentation by diet; meanwhile, the high age correlated bacteria such as Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter also should be considered when shaping the rumen function.

scholarly journals Effect of formaldehyde-treated urea on rumen fermentation, ration digestibility and nitrogen utilization

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Percentage Retention ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

The study comprises two experiments in which young Finn-sheep were used as test animals. The experimental rations consisted of equal parts of NaOH-treated wheat (Exp. 1) or barley (Exp. 2) straw and a concentrate mixture of barley-molassed beet pulp (Exp. 1) or barley-oats-molassed beet pulp (Exp.2). Feeding was performed twice a day. In addition 20 grams of urea/animal/day was mixed into the concentrates just before feeding. The urea was treated with the following percentages of formaldehyde, on a weight basis: 0 (F0), 1.0 (F1.0), 3.0(F3.0) and 5.0(F5.0) in Exp. 1 and 0, 1.0 and 1.5(F1.5) in Exp. 2. The digestibility of the total ration decreased, when F3.0 and F5.0 urea was used, but the decrease was significant (P< 0.05) only when the apparent digestibility of crude protein was compared between the F0 and F5.0 diets. The amount of rumen bacteria was decreased (P< 0.05) and the amount of protozoa increased (P< 0.01) by formaldehyde treatment levels above F1.0 and F3.0, respectively. The concentration of the total VFA in the rumen tended to decrease with treatment levels higher than F3.0. No significant differences were found in the composition of the VFA. When treated urea was used, the excretion of nitrogen in the faeces increased but its excretion in the urine decreased. The percentage retention of the nitrogen ingested by the animals on diets F0, F1.0, F3.0, and F5.0 in Exp. 1 was 15.0, 10.8, 13.2 and 12.2 and on diets F0, F1.0 and F1.5 in Exp. 2 it was 20.5, 20.2 and 21.2, respectively.

scholarly journals The effects of Pinus brutia bark extract on pure and mixed continuous cultures of rumen bacteria and archaea, and fermentation characteristics in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-535
Author(s):  
Ahu Demirtas ◽  
◽  
Saad A. A. Musa ◽  
Yasemin Salgirli-Demirbas ◽  
Hakan Ozturk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Potential Inhibitor ◽  
Pure Cultures

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Pinus brutia bark extract, which is rich in polyphenolic compounds of tannins, on both pure and mixed continuous cultures of rumen bacteria and archaea, as well as on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay with pure cultures was carried out in an anaerobic chamber. Pinus brutia bark extract exhibited a potential inhibitor activity (P<0.05) against pure cultures of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Eubacterium ruminantium, and Methanobacterium formicicum while a growth stimulatory effect (P<0.05) was observed for Ruminoccocus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Streptococcus bovis. Pinus brutia bark extract only had a potential inhibitor effect (P<0.05) on R. albus at the highest dose (1200 µg/mL). Pinus brutia bark extract also stimulated (P<0.05) the growth of pure cultures of Fibrobacter succinogenes, while it did not affect Megasphaera elsdenii, except at the highest dose. The effects of two doses (75 and 375 mg/L) of P. brutia bark extract on in vitro mixed cultures and rumen fermentation parameters were determined by the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Supplementation with P. brutia bark extract led to a quadratic decrease (P<0.05) in the cell numbers of R. flavefaciens. Production of total and individual short chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetate to propionate ratio (C2/C3), total protozoa, ruminal pH, and dry matter digestibility (DMD) did not change in the presence of P. brutia bark extract. Supplementation with both doses of P. brutia bark extract decreased (P<0.05) the ammonia-N concentrations. Ammonia-N concentration was lowest in the high-supplemented group (P<0.05). As a conclusion, inhibitory effects of P. brutia bark extract on some species in the pure cultures were in the same direction as with mixed ruminal cultures, while stimulatory effects disappeared. The lack of inhibitory effects on protozoa and on a large number of Gram-positive rumen bacteria in the mixed cultures suggests that its mechanism of action is not exactly similar to antibiotics. Although P. brutia bark extract did not alter ruminal SCFA, it could have potential to improve ruminal protein utilization without depressing rumen microbial fermentation.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Rumen Fermentation, Microbial Diversity, and Feed Efficiency of Yaks (Bos grunniens)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anum Ali Ahmad ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Jianbo Zhang ◽  
Qudratullah Kalwar ◽  
Zeyi Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Bos Grunniens

EFFECT OF ACCLIMATION TO HIGH NITRATE INTAKES ON SOME RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS IN SHEEP

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. ALABOUDI ◽  
G. A. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Four sheep, fed a basal diet which included 44% cereal grain and 50% hay and which was supplemented with KNO3, were progressively acclimated to a KNO3 intake of 2.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. Nitrate and nitrite reducing activity in strained rumen fluid (SRF) collected 2 h after feeding showed maximum values of 45.3 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1 and 39.4 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1, respectively, at an intake of 1.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. The rate of nitrate reduction was threefold higher (P < 0.01), and that of nitrite reduction fivefold higher (P < 0.01), than in SRF from sheep not receiving KNO3. When the KNO3 supplement was withdrawn the reducing activities fell to their initial levels within 3 wk. In a second experiment, nitrate, nitrite and volatile fatty acids in SRF, and methemoglobin in peripheral blood, were estimated at 30-min intervals after feeding in four sheep, two of which received 1.5 g KNO3∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. In the animals fed KNO3 the peak concentration of nitrate in SRF (13.30 μg NO3−–N∙mL−1) was reached 30 min after feeding, and that of nitrite (2.90 μg NO2−–N∙mL−1) 60 min after feeding; the presence of nitrate in SRF was associated with an increase in the molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the proportion of n-butyrate (P < 0.01). The blood methemoglobin concentration did not exceed 2% (wt/wt) of total hemoglobin at any sampling time. In these animals 30–35 g KNO3 cleared the rumen within 3 h after feeding with no symptoms of nitrate toxicity. Enumeration of rumen bacteria by a direct isolation procedure indicated that the proportion of nitrate reducers in SRF was threefold higher (P < 0.01) in acclimated animals than in control animals. It was concluded that safe acclimation of sheep to high levels of dietary nitrate involved an increase in the rates of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen, a narrowing of the ratio of these activities, and an increase in the proportion of nitrate reducing rumen bacteria. The residual effect of nitrate on the fermentation following clearance from the rumen was short-lived. Key words: Rumen fermentation, sheep, nitrate toxicity, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, rumen bacteria

scholarly journals Rumen bacterial community profile and fermentation in Barki sheep fed olive cake and date palm byproducts

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12447
Author(s):  
Alaa Emara Rabee ◽  
Khalid Z. Kewan ◽  
Ebrahim A. Sabra ◽  
Hassan M. El Shaer ◽  
Mebarek Lamara
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Olive Cake ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Palm Fronds

Rumen bacteria make the greatest contribution to rumen fermentation that enables the host animal to utilize the ingested feeds. Agro-industrial byproducts (AIP) such as olive cake (OC) and date palm byproducts (discarded dates (DD), and date palm fronds (DPF)) represent a practical solution to the deficiency in common feed resources. In this study, thirty-six growing Barki lambs were divided into three groups to evaluate the effect of untraditional diets including the AIP on the growth performance. Subsequently, nine adult Barki rams were used to evaluate the effect of experimental diets on rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria. Three rations were used: common concentrate mixture (S1), common untraditional concentrate mixture including OC and DD (S2), and the same concentrate mixture in S2 supplemented with roughage as DPF enriched with 15% molasses (S3). The animals in S2 group showed higher dry matter intake (DMI) and lower relative growth rate (RGR) as compared to the animals in S1 group. However, the animals in S3 group were the lowest in DMI but achieved RGR by about 87.6% of that in the S1 group. Rumen pH, acetic and butyric acids were more prevalent in animals of S3 group and rumen ammonia (NH3-N), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionic acid were higher in S1. Rumen enzymes activities were higher in S1 group followed by S3 and S2. The bacterial population was more prevalent in S1 and microbial diversity was higher in the S3 group. Principal coordinate analysis revealed clusters associated with diet type and the relative abundance of bacteria varied between sheep groups. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; whereas, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Butyrivibrio were the dominant genera. Results indicate that diet S3 supplemented by OC, DD, and DPF could replace the conventional feed mixture.

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