79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

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Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2621 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 2621

Author(s):

Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽

Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽

Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Calcium Salts ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

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The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14394 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 1871 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽

Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽

Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽

Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽

Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Molar Proportion ◽

Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

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Rice polishings as an alternative to sugar cane molasses as a supplement with urea to low-quality forage diets for ruminants

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100006188 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. Cardenas Garcia ◽

C. J. Newbold ◽

H. Galbraith ◽

J. H. Topps ◽

X. B. Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Cane Molasses ◽

Mean Values ◽

Rumen Ph ◽

Protein Supply

AbstractThe effect of including 14 g urea with either 75 g dry matter (DM) from sugar cane molasses (UM) or Colombian rice polishings (RP) at three levels, 68 (RP1), 137 (RP2) or 203 (RP3) g DM on grass hay DM intake and on rumen fermentation was investigated. An incomplete Latin-square design was used and each experimental period was divided into 12 days for adaptation to each diet followed by 9 days in metabolism cages when all measurements were made using five adult sheep.Pooled mean values for rumen metabolites (five samples per day) were calculated. Rumen pH was not affected by the nature of the supplements. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (UM 92·8, RP1 84·2, RP2 86·4, and RP3 84·0 (s.e.d. 3·4) mmol/l) and lactate (UM 2·0, RP1 1/6, RP2 1/7, RP3 1/8 (s.e.d. 0·014) mmol/l) (UM v. RP, P < 0·05 and P < 0·10 respectively) were lower when RP were given, while concentration of branched and longer chain VFA (26·5, 34·0, 31·1 and 33·5 (s.e.d. 1·6) mmol/mol total VFA, UM v. RP, P < 0·01) and ammonia (98, 131, 141, 137 (s.e.d. 16·1) mg/l, UM v. RP, P < 0·05) were increased. Numbers of rumen protozoa (1·6, 3·2, 2·7, 3·3 (s.e.d. 0·75) × 105 per ml, UM v. RP, P < 0·20) tended to be higher 2 h after feeding when RP rather than UM were given. However, hay DM intake (1050, 960, 960, 880 (s.e.d. 45·3) g/day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), and microbial protein supply (11·7, 9·3,11·1,10·8 (s.e.d. 0·59) g N per day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), estimated from urinary purine excretion were reduced by feeding RP instead of UM.At the levels of inclusion tested RP did not increase the efficiency of rumen fermentation and were not as effective a supplement with urea as was molasses for a low-quality forage diet.

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413 Effect of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein level on rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a total mixed ration

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.343 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 166-167

Author(s):

Stuart Kirwan ◽

Tommy Boland ◽

Eleonora Serra ◽

Gaurav Rajauria ◽

Karina Pierce

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Chitosan (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer) is a natural biopolymer, which is the second most abundant organic compound on earth, found in lower plants and some arthropods and crustaceans. Studies with ruminants have shown that supplementing with chitosan can alter ruminal fermentation, including higher propionate concentration and lower acetate to propionate ratio, improving the energy efficiency within the rumen though data on nitrogen metabolism is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan with different dietary crude protein (CP) inclusion on rumen fermentation in beef heifers. Eight ruminally cannulated Belgian Blue x Holstein Friesian heifers (752 ± 52Kg BW) were allocated one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial Latin Square design (n = 8). Diets were offered as total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage plus concentrate. Diets were offered once daily ad libitum. Dietary treatments were as follows: high CP (16%) +/- chitosan (10g kg-1 DMI) supplementation (HP+) or (HP-) and low CP (12%) +/- chitosan supplementation (LP+) or (LP-). Experimental periods were 25d in duration (14 d dietary adaptation and 10 d sampling). Rumen fluid was collected via cannula every 2 h post feeding for analysis of ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) over a 48-hour period. Data was analysed using Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. Significant differences were considered when P < 0.05. Dietary treatment had no effect on ruminal pH (P > 0.05). Chitosan supplementation had no effect on ruminal NH3 and VFA concentrations (P > 0.05), whereas, animals offered 16% CP had higher concentrations of ruminal NH3 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing a TMR diet fed to beef heifers with chitosan had no effect on rumen fermentation. However, reducing dietary CP concentration fed to beef animals resulted in lower rumen NH3 concentrations.

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INFLUENCE OF BREWERS DRIED GRAINS ON THE RUMINAL VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)PRODUCTION AND MILK CONSTITUENTS IN ZEBU COWS

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v16i.1894 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

J. A. Ibeawuchi ◽

A. O. Akinsoyinu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Molar Percent ◽

Time Of Feeding ◽

Zebu Cows

Four lactating White Fulani (Zebu) cows fitted with permanent rumen cannular were fed four. diets: (A) Acha hay (Digitaria exilis Stapf, (B) 50% acha hay plus 50% brewers dried grains (BDG), (C) 75% BDG plus 25% hay and (D) 100% BDG in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Analysis of rumen total Volatile Fatty acids (VFAS), individual VFAs, ammonia-N and pH as well as some milk constituents were carried out simultaneously. Mean ruminal pH and total VFA (MM/100ml) were 7.1,6.2; 6.5, 8.0; 5.8, 14.9 and 5.8, 13.1 for A, B, C, and D respectively. The corresponding acetate to propionate (A/P) ratios were 4.97, 4.40, 3.20 and 3.40. The molar percent values of butyrate yielded by A and B were similar and less (P<0.05) than the value for C or D. Ruminal ammonia-N (mg/100ml) ranged from 5.7 for A to 6.8 for D. Total VFA, NH3-N and pH of the rumen fluid were affected by time of feeding (P<0.05). The correlations between ruminal pH and acetate (r = 0.98), pH and total VFA (r = -0.90), and acetate and propionate (r = -0.75) were significanct(P <0.05). Cows on treatment A (acha hay) yielded higher percent milk fat (P<0.05) and lower percent milk protein than those on B, C, or D. Treatment effects on milk pH and percentages of lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF) and ash were not significant. The observed depression in milk fat of cows on treatments B, C and D in comparison with cows on treatment A wasrelated to a decrease in rumen acetate and an increase in propionate. It was observed that the fermentation of BDG yielded acetate within limits required for efficient milk production.

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Dried poultry manure as a feed ingredient for dairy cows

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72021 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 79-148

Author(s):

Matti Näsi

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Feed Utilisation ◽

Concentrate Mixture

The study investigated the utilisation of dried poultry manure as a protein source for lactating cows and its influence on the blood metabolic profile and rumen fermentation. Two consecutive feeding trials were carried out for the comparison of dried poultry manure (DPM) 20 %, soybean meal (SBM) 10 % and urea 1.5 % as protein supplement in a concentrate mixture. Eighteen cows were used in each of the two experiments. The experimental period was 13 weeks in Expt. 1 and 15 weeks in Expt. 2. The apparent DM digestibilities of the DPM, SBM and UREA rations were 69.9, 72.0 and 74.0 % (P < 0.05) and crude protein digestibilities were 72.0, 71.8 and 76.0 % (P < 0.01). The FU-value of the DPM ration was lower (P < 0.01) than the SBM and UREA rations. The palatability of the concentrate including DPM was depressed (P < 0.05). The differences in milk yield and milk constituents between groups were not statistically significant. Feed utilisation was equal in Expt. 1 0.37 FU/kg FCM but in Expt. 2 value of 0.39 for the DPM group was lower than 0.45 for the SBM or 0,43 for the UREA group (P < 0.05). The values obtained in hematological and blood chemical analyses were within normal ranges. The blood metabolic parameters indicate that DPM can be used as feed for dairy cows without any detrimental effect on health. The rumen fermentation was investigated with rumen fistulated cows in two experiments. With a constant feeding level and the DPM inclusion adjusted to 0, 10, 20 and 40 % of concentrate mixture, the rumen fluid ammonia-N increased with the increasing amount of DPM in the diet (P < 0.05). The NH3-N concentration was still lower (P < 0.05) in the isonitrogenous SBM diet. Furthermore, with increasing DPM inclusion the molar percentage of acetic acid of the total volatile fatty acids increased (P < 0.05), the percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid decreased. The total volume of microbial mass was 10—20 % higher with the SBM diet than the various DPM diets.

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Effect of dietary monensin and tetronasin on rumen fermentation in sheep

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600018134 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 1990 ◽

pp. 31-31

Author(s):

C. J. Newbold ◽

R. J. Wallace

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Latin Square ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Nutritional Effects

Tetronasin is an ionophore which improves feed conversion efficiency in ruminants (Bartleet al, 1988). Its nutritional effects are at least partly derived from its influence on nitrogen and energy metabolism in the rumen. The mode of action of tetronasin is therefore similar to monensin and although it is more potent than monensin, it has a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Newboldet al, 1988). The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the inclusion of tetronasin or monensin in the diet on the rumen fermentation.Three mature sheep weighing approximately 50 kg and fitted with rumen cannulae were fed 1 kg/d of a mixed diet of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg dry matter respectively) in two equal meals. A control diet (no addition, C), tetronasin (10 ppm in the diet, T) or monensin (33 ppm, M) were compared in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Periods were 28 days long with samples taken on two consecutive days during the last 5 days. Samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feed for the determination of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) L-lactic acid and ammonia concentrations.

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PSIX-10 The replacement of corn by soybean molasses improves ruminal environment of feedlot sheep

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.790 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 396-396

Author(s):

Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽

Juliana A Torrecilhas ◽

Edivilson S Castro-Filho ◽

Rayanne Viana Costa ◽

João Pedro A Bertoco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Orthogonal Contrasts ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Male Sheep

Abstract The goal of this study was to assess the effects of increasing levels of soybean molasses (SM) on ruminal parameters of feedlot sheep. Nine crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep (73.3 ± 2.5 kg BW) were randomly distributed in a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of isonitrogenous (18% CP) and isoenergetic (2.7 Mcal/kg) diets, containing 0, 15 or 30% SM (DM basis). After 14 d of adaptation period, rumen fluid samples were collected in each experimental period, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after feeding, to evaluate ruminal pH, NH3-N and VFA concentrations. The pH was measured immediately after rumen fluid sampling, and NH3-N concentrations were determined with micro-Kjeldahl apparatus. The concentration of VFA was assessed by gas chromatography. Data were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with repeated measures over time. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of SM inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × SM treatments. There was no interaction of time of sampling × treatment for all variables evaluated (P > 0.05). The inclusion of SM increased linearly (P = 0.02) the ruminal pH (5.92 to 5.21 – 0 and 30%, respectively), and decreased linearly (P = 0.006) the NH3-N concentration (32.19 to 21.78 mg/dL – 0 and 30%, respectively). The addition of SM did not alter most of VFA, with exception for valeric acid (quadratic, P = 0.05), with the higher value observed in 15% SM-fed animals (1.33 mMol/L). However, when the percentage of each VFA was evaluated, the inclusion of SM increased linearly the butyric acid (P = 0.05), from 14.1 to 16.9%. The results indicate that the inclusion of soybean molasses at up to 30% (DM basis) improves the ruminal fermentation of diets in feedlot crossbred sheep.

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EFEK PROBIOTIK DAN SELUBIOSE TERHADAP VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA) DAN NH3 RUMINAL DOMBA GARUT

Jurnal BIOMA ◽

10.21009/bioma13(2).2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 10-16

Author(s):

Atin Supiyani

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Adult Weight ◽

Average Value ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Sheep Rumen ◽

Ph Range

The composition of feed can improve and optimize the fermentation in sheep rumen. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of probiotic and cellobiose to rumen fermentation of sheep. Four adult (weight ±13.5 kg) rumen fistulae sheep were used. The fed given were King grass (Pennisetum purpureum), rice bran and soybean meal that are protected by formaldehyde 0.3% as base feed. Fed treatment were probiotics (0,5% and 1%) and cellobiose (1 ppm and 3 ppm). Parameters measured were pH, N-NH3 and VFA concentration of rumen fluid at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after feeding with Completely Randomized Design Factorials 4x5 and continued with Duncan test (α=0,05). The ruminal pH range for all treatments between 6.27 - 6.89. The maximum N-NH3 concentration value has been reached at 2 hours after feeding 12.25-18.75 mM. At 0 hours, the total VFA concentration was at an average value of 294.91 mg% and then increased at 2-6 hours reaching its maximum value in the range 661.97-767.70 mg% (p<0.05). The addition of probiotics and cellobiose can optimize rumen fermentation of sheep.

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Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.1158-1164 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1158-1164

Author(s):

Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽

Anusorn Cherdthong ◽

Sarong So ◽

Metha Wanapat

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Crude Glycerin ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Design Factor ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

High Level

Background and Aim: Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls. Materials and Methods: Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR. Results: Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment. Conclusion: Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

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