Trace Mineral, Qualitative Phytochemical Composition and Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Seeds on Diabetic Rats

The trace mineral concentration, phytochemical composition and antidiabetic effect of the ethanol extract of C. lanatus seeds were carried out using standard methods. The preclinical experimental model was 120 mgkg-1 b.w. (via intraperitoneal) Alloxan induced diabetic rat model, with ethanol extract of C. lanatus seeds administered orally at 500mgkg-1 b.w. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates and oils. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that iron had the highest value (8.31mgkg-1), followed by zinc (5.78 mgkg-1), then manganese (4.28 mgkg-1). Selenium concentration was appreciable (0.85 mgkg-1). Ethanol extract of C. lanatus seeds significantly (p < 0.05), dose and time dependently reduced blood glucose level, increased body weights of rats and had positive effect on organ weights and organ volume. The results in this study showed that Citrullus lanatus seeds are rich in zinc, selenium, manganese, iron, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids/triterpenoids, and tannins. They may therefore serve as good sources of these trace mineral nutrients and bio actives for nutritional and medicinal purposes relating to diabetes management.

Effect of zinc source and implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral concentrations in finishing feedlot steers

Seventy-two Angus-crossbred steers (411 ± 16 kg) were assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to examine the effects of blended Zn source supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral parameters of steers administered no implant or a two-implant program. Factors included implant (IMP) strategies and Zn supplementation. During the 126-d study steers were either not implanted (NoIMP) or implanted (IS/200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) on d 0 (Component TE-IS; 80 mg trenbolone acetate + 16 mg estradiol) and 57 (Component TE-200; 200 mg trenbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol). All steers were fed 70 mg Zn/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis from ZnSO4 + 30 mg Zn/kg DM from either basic ZnCl (Vistore Zn, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ), Zn glycinate (Gemstone Zn, Phibro Animal Health), or ZnSO4 (ZnB, ZnG, or ZnS, respectively). Steers were blocked by weight into pens of 6 and fed a dry rolled corn-based diet via GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd.; Airdrie, AB, Canada). Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, with fixed effects of Zn, IMP, and the interaction. Steer was the experimental unit (n = 12 steers/treatment). Liver and muscle collected on d -5, 14, 71, and 120 were analyzed for Zn concentration, and data were analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = Day). An IMP × Zn tendency (P = 0.07) was observed for d 126 body weight with no effects of Zn within NoIMP while ZnS tended to be heavier than ZnB with ZnG intermediate within IS/200. Carcass-adjusted overall feed efficiency (G:F) was greatest for ZnS (Zn; P = 0.02). Implanted cattle had greater DM intake, G:F, and carcass-adjusted performance (P ≤ 0.01). Liver Zn concentrations were greater for IS/200 by d 120 (IMP × Day; P = 0.02). Within IS/200, ZnG tended to have greater muscle Zn than ZnS while ZnB was intermediate (Zn × IMP; P = 0.09). No Zn or IMP × Zn (P ≥ 0.12) effects were observed for carcass data. However, IS/200 had greater hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, and ribeye area than NoIMP (P ≤ 0.001). These data suggest implants improve growth and influence Zn metabolism. Future work should examine Zn sources and supplementation alongside implant strategies.

PSIII-25 The effects of varying levels of trace mineral supplementation on mineral balance and antibody concentrations in feedlot cattle

Trace mineral (TM) supplementation is critical for optimal performance and health. The objective was to determine the effects of varying levels of TM supplementation on feedlot cattle TM status and antibody concentrations. Angus steers (n = 240; BW = 291 kg ± 27.4) were stratified by arrival BW and source and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (12 pens/treatment; 5 steers/pen). Treatments included a negative control (CON) in which cattle received no TM supplementation, a requirement treatment (1X) in which cattle received added TM at 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle required levels, a 2 times requirements (2X), and a 4 times requirements (4X) treatment. Selenium was included at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg for 1X, 2X, and 4X respectively. Treatments were chosen based on reported TM supplementation levels from the 2015 Feedlot Consulting Nutritionist Survey. One steer was chosen at random from each pen to be evaluated for serum and liver TM status and antibody concentrations to respiratory viruses. There was treatment × day interaction for serum Co, and liver Cu and Se (P &lt; 0.0001). Serum Co was greatest for the 4X treatment from d 28 through harvest. Liver Cu was greatest for the 2X and 4X treatments from d 56 through harvest. Liver Se was greatest for 2X and 4X from d 28 through harvest. There was an effect of day on liver Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn (P &lt; 0.0001) and serum Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn (P &lt; 0.0019). Concentrations for individual TM had different trends over time, however, all reported values were within normal ranges. Serum Zn was greater at harvest (P = .02). There was an effect of time on Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1A, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1, Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus antibody titer concentrations (P &lt; 0.0001).

PSV-13 Understanding the role of zinc and manganese in proliferation and protein synthesis of primary bovine satellite cells

Trace minerals are vital for the health and growth of livestock, supporting multiple biochemical processes in the body. There are several different signaling pathways that may be affected by trace minerals, ultimately altering growth of skeletal muscle. However, it is currently unknown how trace minerals specifically impact growth of skeletal muscle. As such, the objective of this study was to determine how zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) affect proliferation and protein synthesis of primary bovine satellite cell (BSC) cultures. Cultures were grown to 80% confluency and treated in 1% fetal bovine serum (control), 0.05, 0.10 or 0.25 µM of Mn, or 10, 20 or 40 µM of Zn to assess proliferation. Additionally, the above treatments were applied to fused BSC cultures in serum free media (control) to measure protein synthesis. The trace mineral concentrations chosen were based off known ranges of circulating concentrations of Zn or Mn. A series of contrasts were constructed to determine whether growth of BSC cultures was different between the treated and control cultures. Treatment with 10 µM Zn increased (P = 0.03) proliferation when compared to control cultures. However, treatment with Mn at the tested concentration did not (P &gt; 0.12) result in proliferation rates that were different than the control cultures. Treatment with 10 µM Zn, 20 µM Zn, or 0.5 µM Mn increased (P &lt; 0.05) protein synthesis compared to control cultures. These results indicate Zn is capable of increasing proliferation and both Zn and Mn increase protein synthesis of BSC cultures. Additional research is needed to couple trace mineral nutrition with knowledge of BSC biology to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which trace minerals may function to support bovine skeletal muscle growth.

PSX-B-9 Effect of trace mineral sources in the supplement for grazing cattle on ruminal bacteria diversity

The rumen soluble Cu and Zn can affect the rumen microbial populations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of trace mineral sources (Cu and Zn) in the supplement of grazing steers on ruminal bacteria diversity. Eight rumen cannulated Nellore steers (541 kg ± 18 kg BW) were distributed in a randomized block design in individual paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Steers were supplemented during 101 days between dry to rainy season at 5 g/kg BW with commercial supplement (25% CP) containing Cu (40 mg/ kg) and Zn (148 mg/kg) in the inorganic (Control) or hydroxy (HDX; Micronutrients Inc., IN) source. Samples of ruminal content were collected before supplementation at day 97 of experimental period and the total DNA extracted by commercial kit (Quick-DNA Fecal/Soil Microbe Miniprep). The V3/V4 regions of 16SrRNA gene was sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq, using the Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME v.1.9.1) to filter reads and determine Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Data were compared using an unpaired Wilcoxon test in R. A total of 293 OTUs were identified at genus level. The HDX resulted in a higher ruminal abundance of Corynebacterium 1 (P = 0.01), Prevotella 1 (P = 0.01), Lachnoclostridium 10 (P = 0.02), Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group (P = 0.03), Lachnospiraceae UCG-008 (P = 0.03), Streptococcus (P = 0.02), Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 (P = 0.01), Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 (P = 0.01), Ruminococcus 1 (P = 0.04), Coprococcus 1 (P = 0.04), Mogibacterium (P = 0.02), Selenomonas 1 (P = 0.02), Anaerovibrio (P = 0.03), Methylobacterium (P = 0.02), Treponema 2 (P = 0.02), Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group (P = 0.03), Ruminococcaceae; uncultured rumen bacterium (P = 0.02) and Eubacterium hallii group (P = 0.05), and lower abundance of Fibrobacter (P = 0.04), Butyrivibrio 2 (P = 0.05), Anaerotruncus (P = 0.03), Ruminiclostridium 5 (P = 0.03), Anaerorhabdus furcosa group (P = 0.02) and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004 (P = 0.01). The use of HDX in the supplement for grazing cattle between dry to rainy season increase the ruminal abundance of bacteria, mainly into Firmicutes phylum with important structural and non-structural carbohydrates degradation functions.

PSV-1 Injectable trace mineral supplementation on grazing beef cows: Effect on subsequent offspring birth weight and weaning weight

This study evaluated the effect of an injectable multi-mineral complex supplementation on grazing beef cows on subsequent offspring birth weight (BW) and adjusted weaning weight (AWW). Experiment 1 included 1,128 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, from 9 locations in Virginia, that were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) One dose of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90, Multimin USA, Ft. Collins, CO) at 71.4±16.8 d of lactation (n = 560); or 2) a negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 568). In experiment 2, 986 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, at 7 locations in Virginia, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Two doses of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90) at 118.3±17 days before calving and at 67.7±17.4 d of lactation (n = 494); or 2) negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 492). All cows had ad libitum access to forage and water, and received additional mineral supplementation in form of mineral blocks. Calves were weaned at approximately 7 months of age, and 205-day AWW was calculated based on birth day, age of weaning and age of dam. No differences between treatments were detected for BW (33.7±1.01 kg; P = 0.50) and AWW (212.2±5.0 kg; P = 0.25) when only one dose of injectable trace mineral was administered to the dam at early lactation. Similarly, when two doses of injectable trace mineral were administrated BW (35.6±1.1 kg; P = 0.70) and AWW (259.4±6.1 kg; P = 0.83) did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, one or two doses of injectable trace mineral administrated at late gestation and/or during lactation had no effect on offspring BW and AWW.