The role of alarm signal duration as a cue for alarm validity

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Bliss ◽  
Corey K. Fallon ◽  
Nicolae Nica
Keyword(s):  
Signal Duration ◽  
Alarm Signal

scholarly journals Alarming features: birds use specific acoustic properties to identify heterospecific alarm calls

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20122539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M. Fallow ◽  
Benjamin J. Pitcher ◽  
Robert D. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Modulation ◽  
Alarm Call ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Alarm Signal ◽  
Antipredator Response ◽  
Malurus Cyaneus

Vertebrates that eavesdrop on heterospecific alarm calls must distinguish alarms from sounds that can safely be ignored, but the mechanisms for identifying heterospecific alarm calls are poorly understood. While vertebrates learn to identify heterospecific alarms through experience, some can also respond to unfamiliar alarm calls that are acoustically similar to conspecific alarm calls. We used synthetic calls to test the role of specific acoustic properties in alarm call identification by superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus . Individuals fled more often in response to synthetic calls with peak frequencies closer to those of conspecific calls, even if other acoustic features were dissimilar to that of fairy-wren calls. Further, they then spent more time in cover following calls that had both peak frequencies and frequency modulation rates closer to natural fairy-wren means. Thus, fairy-wrens use similarity in specific acoustic properties to identify alarms and adjust a two-stage antipredator response. Our study reveals how birds respond to heterospecific alarm calls without experience, and, together with previous work using playback of natural calls, shows that both acoustic similarity and learning are important for interspecific eavesdropping. More generally, this study reconciles contrasting views on the importance of alarm signal structure and learning in recognition of heterospecific alarms.

scholarly journals The adaptive role of cell death in yeast communities stressed with macrolide antifungals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kireeva ◽  
Sviatoslav S Sokolov ◽  
Ekaterina A Smirnova ◽  
Kseniia V Galkina ◽  
Fedor F Severin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Alarm Signal ◽  
Community Resistance ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Yeast Community ◽  
Dying Cells

Microorganisms cooperate with each other to protect themselves from environmental stressors. An extreme case of such cooperation is regulated cell death for the benefit of other cells. Dying cells can provide surviving cells with nutrients or induce their stress-response by transmitting an alarm signal; however, the role of dead cells in microbial communities is unclear. Here we searched for types of stressors the protection from which can be achieved by death of a subpopulation of cells. Thus, we compared the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells upon exposure to various stressors in the presence of additionally supplemented living versus dead cells. We found that dead cells contribute to yeast community resistance against macrolide antifungals (e.g. amphotericin B [AmB] and filipin) to a greater extent than living cells. Dead yeast cells absorbed more macrolide filipin than control cells because they exposed intracellular sterol-rich membranes. We also showed that, upon the addition of lethal concentrations of AmB, supplementation with AmB-sensitive cells but not with AmB-resistant cells enabled the survival of wild-type cells. Together, our data suggests that cell-to-cell heterogeneity in sensitivity to AmB can be an adaptive mechanism helping yeast communities to resist macrolides, which are naturally occurring antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Factor in Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kemal Erenler ◽  
Ahmet Baydin
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Family Role ◽  
Alarm Signal ◽  
Interleukin 33 ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
Prognostic Importance ◽  
System Activation

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine involved in interleukin-1 family. Role of IL-33 in immune system activation is well described in the literature. IL-33 has been identified as an endogenous alarm signal (alarmin) to alert various types of immune cells to trauma. In this narrative review, we aimed to underline the diagnostic and prognostic importance of IL-33 in trauma, particularly in brain trauma.

scholarly journals Child immune response and the role of nutrition

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Ariyanto Harsono
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alarm Signal ◽  
Alarm Signals ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
As Stress

The immune function is designed to defendthe body in a safe and efficient way againsta variety of dangerous materials includingtoxins and infectious organisms. Mechanical andbiological barriers prevent the penetration ofexogenous material into the body. Only after thesebarriers have been breached and cells have beendirectly attacked does the immune system come intoplay. By a variety of mechanisms, certain immunecells can directly phagocytose and destroy manypathogens. They require the close cooperation ofsomatic cells, which both alert the immune systemthrough alarm signals and later participate in theeffector phase. This first alarm signal can be groupedtogether as “stress signals”, known as the innateimmune response.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

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