Can graphic warning labels reduce the consumption of meat?

Abstract Background Tobacco consumption is the leading cause of death worldwide. Overwhelming studies demonstrate graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packs are effective in eliciting negative response to tobacco smoking, modifying beliefs about tobacco dangers, and increasing reported intention to quit, but the estimated effect of GWLs on smoking cessation intention among smokers is still limited in China. In this study, we aim to understand the smoking intensity, smoking duration and smoking cessation intention among current smokers, and to explore how their smoking cessation intention would be influenced by the GWLs in Shanghai. Methods From January to June 2021, we totally recruited 1104 current smokers in Songjiang district and Fengxian district of Shanghai by multistage sampling design. We used Android pad assisted electronic questionnaire for data collection, and then implemented logistic regression for odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculation to explore how smoking cessation intention would be influenced by the GWLs among current smokers. Results One thousand one hundred four current smokers included 914 males (82.79%), with an average age of 43.61 years. 58.06% of current smokers reported smoking cessation intention due to GWLs. Logistic regression indicated a higher percentage of smoking cessation intention due to GWLs was among female smokers [OR = 2.41, 95% CI (1.61–3.59)], smokers with smoking intensity < 20 cigarette/day [OR = 1.92, 95% CI (1.44–2.55)], smokers with tobacco burden < 20% [OR = 1.94, 95% CI (1.35–2.79)], and among smokers had plan to quit in a year [OR = 6.58, 95% CI (4.71–9.18). Smokers with higher individual monthly income had lower percentage of smoking cessation intention (OR were 0.35, 0.46 and 0.41). Meanwhile, among 642 current smokers without plan to quit in a year, approximately 40% of them reported smoking cessation intention due to GWLs. Conclusions Smoking cessation intention due to the assumed GWLs on cigarette packs is high among current smokers in Shanghai, especially in female smokers, smokers with light tobacco burden and mild nicotine dependence. Incorporating smoking intensity as well as smoking burden into the implementation of GWLs as tobacco control measures would discourage smoking in China.

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Should Graphic Warning Labels Proposed for Cigarette Packages Sold in the United States Mention the Food and Drug Administration?

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa142 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mia Jovanova ◽

Chris Skurka ◽

Sahara Byrne ◽

Motasem Kalaji ◽

Amelia Greiner Safi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Source Credibility ◽

Food And Drug Administration ◽

The United States ◽

Smoking Prevention ◽

Warning Labels ◽

The Us ◽

Graphic Warning

Abstract Introduction Under the US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to implement graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packages. Neither the original labels proposed by the FDA nor the revised labels include a source to indicate sponsorship of the warnings. This study tests the potential impact of adding a sponsor to the content of GWLs. Methods We recruited adult smokers (N = 245) and middle-school youth (N = 242) from low-income areas in the Northeastern US. We randomly assigned participants to view one of three versions of the original FDA–proposed warning labels in a between-subjects experiment: no sponsor, “US Food and Drug Administration,” or “American Cancer Society” sponsor. We tested the effect of varying sponsorship on source attribution and source credibility. Results Compared to unsponsored labels, FDA sponsorship increased source attributions that the FDA sponsored the labels among both middle-school, largely nonsmoking youth and adult smokers. However, sponsorship had no effect on source credibility among either population. Conclusions We found no evidence that adding FDA as the source is likely to boost source credibility judgments, at least in the short term; though doing so would not appear to have adverse effects on credibility judgments. As such, our data are largely consistent with the Tobacco Control Act’s provisions that allow, but do not require, FDA sponsorship on the labels. Implications This study addresses the FDA’s regulatory efforts by informing the possible design and content of future cigarette warning labels. Our results do not offer compelling evidence that adding the FDA name on GWLs will directly increase source credibility. Future work may test more explicit FDA source labeling and continue to examine the credibility of tobacco message content among high–priority populations.

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Emotional Impact and Perceived Effectiveness of Text-Only versus Graphic Health Warning Tobacco Labels on Adolescents

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2019.20 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Margalhos ◽

Francisco Esteves ◽

Jaime Vila ◽

Patrícia Arriaga

Keyword(s):

Smoking Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Perceived Effectiveness ◽

Warning Labels ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Graphic Warning ◽

Valence And Arousal

AbstractThe study of smoking in adolescence is of major importance as nicotine dependence often begins in younger groups. Tobacco health warnings have been introduced to inform people of the negative consequences of smoking. This study assessed the emotions and perceived effectiveness of two formats of tobacco warnings on adolescents: Text-only versus graphic warning labels. In addition, we analyzed how emotions predicted their perceived effectiveness. In a cross-sectional study, 413 adolescents (131 smokers, 282 non-smokers) between 13–20 years of age rated their emotions (valence and arousal) and perceived effectiveness towards a set of tobacco warnings. Results showed that graphic warnings evoked higher arousal than text-only warning labels (p = .038). Most of the warning labels also evoked unpleasantness with smokers reporting higher unpleasantness regarding text-only warnings compared to non-smokers (p = .002). In contrast, perceived effectiveness of the warnings was lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p = .029). Finally, high arousal and being a non-smoker explained 14% of the variance of perceiving the warnings more effective. Given the role that warnings may play in increasing health awareness, these findings highlight how smoking status and emotions are important predictors of the way adolescents consider tobacco health labels to be effective.

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Exposure to graphic warning labels on cigarette packages: Effects on implicit and explicit attitudes towards smoking among young adults

Psychology and Health ◽

10.1080/08870446.2015.1104309 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 349-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jonathan T. Macy ◽

Laurie Chassin ◽

Clark C. Presson ◽

Ellen Yeung

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Warning Labels ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Graphic Warning ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

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Effects of 30% and 50% Cigarette Pack Graphic Warning Labels on Visual Attention, Negative Affect, Quit Intentions, and Smoking Susceptibility among Disadvantaged Populations in the United States

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntx244 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 859-866 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chris Skurka ◽

Deena Kemp ◽

Julie Davydova ◽

James F Thrasher ◽

Sahara Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Negative Affect ◽

The United States ◽

Warning Labels ◽

Disadvantaged Populations ◽

Cigarette Pack ◽

Graphic Warning ◽

Smoking Susceptibility ◽

Quit Intentions

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Warning labels formulated as questions positively influence smoking-related risk perception

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105312439734 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 252-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Sabine Glock ◽

Barbara CN Müller ◽

Simone M Ritter

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Warning Labels ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Defensive Responses ◽

Defensive Reactions ◽

Related Risk ◽

Graphic Warning

Research on warning labels printed on cigarette packages has shown that fear inducing health warnings might provoke defensive responses. This study investigated whether reformulating statements into questions could avoid defensive reactions. Smokers were presented with either warning labels formulated as questions, textual warning labels, graphic warning labels, or no warning labels. Participants’ smoking-related risk perception was higher after exposure to warning labels formulated as questions or no warning labels than after exposure to textual or graphic warning labels. These results indicate that reformulating statements into questions can avoid defensive responses elicited by textual- and graphic warning labels.

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Graphic warning labels and the demand for cigarettes

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052775 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 169-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Martha A Starr ◽

Keith Drake

Keyword(s):

Stock Prices ◽

Abnormal Returns ◽

Warning Labels ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Share Prices ◽

Study Approach ◽

Cigarette Demand ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

Graphic Warning

BackgroundIn 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed requiring tobacco companies to add graphic warning labels (GWLs) to cigarette packs. GWLs are large prominently placed warnings that use both text and photographic images to depict health risks of smoking. The companies challenged FDA's authority on First Amendment grounds; the courts accepted that FDA could compel companies to add GWLs, but argued that FDA had not established that GWLs would significantly reduce smoking.ObjectiveThis paper adds new evidence on the question of whether GWLs would have reduced cigarette demand, by examining whether tobacco companies’ share prices fell unusually after news indicating a higher likelihood of having GWLs, and rose on the opposite news. Such findings would be expected if investors viewed GWLs as likely to reduce cigarette demand.MethodsAn event-study approach is used to determine whether the stock prices of US tobacco companies rose or fell unusually after news events in the period when GWLs were proposed, finalised, challenged and withdrawn.FindingsTobacco companies’ stock prices indeed realised significant abnormal returns after GWL news, consistent with expected negative effects on cigarette demand. Our estimates suggest investors expected GWLs to reduce the number of smokers by an extra 2.4–6.9 million in the 10 years after the rule took effect.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that the GWLs proposed by FDA would have curbed cigarette consumption in the USA in an appreciable way.

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