Quantitative assessment of salivary oral bacteria according to the severity of dental caries in childhood

AbstractThe onset and progress of dental caries and periodontal disease is associated with the oral microbiome. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that influence oral microbiome formation. One of the factors that influence oral microbiome formation is the transmission of oral bacteria from parents. However, it remains unclear when the transmission begins, and the difference in contributions of father and mother. Here, we focused on the oral microbiome of 18-month-old infants, at which age deciduous dentition is formed and the oral microbiome is likely to become stable, with that of their parents. We collected saliva from forty 18-month-old infants and their parents and compared the diversity and composition of the microbiome using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that microbial diversity in infants was significantly lower than that in parents and composition of microbiome were significantly different between infants and parents. Meanwhile, the microbiome of the infants was more similar to that of their mothers than unrelated adults. The bacteria highly shared between infants and parents included not only commensal bacteria but also disease related bacteria. These results suggested that the oral microbiome of the parents influences that of their children aged < 18 months.

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Identification of the Bacterial Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of the Oral Microbiome Illuminates the Unexplored Social Language of Bacteria during Health and Disease

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00321-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Gajender Aleti ◽

Jonathon L. Baker ◽

Xiaoyu Tang ◽

Ruth Alvarez ◽

Márcia Dinis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Signaling Molecules ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Communication Media ◽

Biosynthetic Gene ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

ABSTRACT Small molecules are the primary communication media of the microbial world. Recent bioinformatic studies, exploring the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which produce many small molecules, have highlighted the incredible biochemical potential of the signaling molecules encoded by the human microbiome. Thus far, most research efforts have focused on understanding the social language of the gut microbiome, leaving crucial signaling molecules produced by oral bacteria and their connection to health versus disease in need of investigation. In this study, a total of 4,915 BGCs were identified across 461 genomes representing a broad taxonomic diversity of oral bacteria. Sequence similarity networking provided a putative product class for more than 100 unclassified novel BGCs. The newly identified BGCs were cross-referenced against 254 metagenomes and metatranscriptomes derived from individuals either with good oral health or with dental caries or periodontitis. This analysis revealed 2,473 BGCs, which were differentially represented across the oral microbiomes associated with health versus disease. Coabundance network analysis identified numerous inverse correlations between BGCs and specific oral taxa. These correlations were present in healthy individuals but greatly reduced in individuals with dental caries, which may suggest a defect in colonization resistance. Finally, corroborating mass spectrometry identified several compounds with homology to products of the predicted BGC classes. Together, these findings greatly expand the number of known biosynthetic pathways present in the oral microbiome and provide an atlas for experimental characterization of these abundant, yet poorly understood, molecules and socio-chemical relationships, which impact the development of caries and periodontitis, two of the world’s most common chronic diseases. IMPORTANCE The healthy oral microbiome is symbiotic with the human host, importantly providing colonization resistance against potential pathogens. Dental caries and periodontitis are two of the world’s most common and costly chronic infectious diseases and are caused by a localized dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Bacterially produced small molecules, often encoded by BGCs, are the primary communication media of bacterial communities and play a crucial, yet largely unknown, role in the transition from health to dysbiosis. This study provides a comprehensive mapping of the BGC repertoire of the human oral microbiome and identifies major differences in health compared to disease. Furthermore, BGC representation and expression is linked to the abundance of particular oral bacterial taxa in health versus dental caries and periodontitis. Overall, this study provides a significant insight into the chemical communication network of the healthy oral microbiome and how it devolves in the case of two prominent diseases.

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Correlating dental caries with oral bacteria and the buffering capacity of saliva in children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry ◽

10.4103/2231-0762.115712 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ahmed Bhayat ◽

Tamer Hifnawy ◽

MohammedSaad Mahrous ◽

Layla Abu-Naba′a ◽

MohammadSami Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Buffering Capacity

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Fluorescence Spectrometry based Chromaticity Mapping, Characterization, and Quantitative Assessment of Dental Caries

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102711 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 102711

Author(s):

Cheng Wang ◽

Rongjun Zhang ◽

Yongfu Jiang ◽

Jiayang Li ◽

Nizhou Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Fluorescence Spectrometry

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Antimicrobial and Substantivity Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Microbiomes Clinically Isolated from Young and Young-Adult Patients

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2019/3205971 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal ◽

Carolina Holguín-Meráz ◽

Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras ◽

Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez ◽

Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Young Adult ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Biofilms

The dental plaque is an oral microbiome hardly associated to be the etiological agent of dental caries and periodontal disease which are still considered serious health public problems. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated to have good antimicrobial properties affecting a wide variety of microorganisms, including oral bacteria; however, there is no scientific information that has evaluated the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs against clinical oral biofilms associated with dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and substantivity effects of AgNPs in oral biofilms isolated clinically from patients with dental caries and periodontal disease. Sixty-seven young and young-adult subjects with dental caries and periodontal disease were clinically sampled through the collection of subgingival dental plaque. The inhibitory effect of AgNPs was performed with standard microbiological assays by triplicate using two sizes of particle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the presence of specific bacterial species. All AgNPs showed an inhibitory effect for all oral biofilms for any age and, generally, any gender (p>0.05); however, the effectiveness of the antimicrobial and substantivity effects was related to particle size, time, and gender (p<0.05). The identified microorganisms were S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. oralis, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia. The AgNPs could be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for the control and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease.

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ESTIMATION THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CURCUMIN AND ROSEMARY AMONG PATIENTS WITH DENTAL CARIES IN VITRO

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.30378 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 277-279

Author(s):

EHAN ABDULHADI AL-SHARIFI ◽

ASIA ABED AL-MAHMOOD ◽

SUMAYAH AL-MAHMOOD

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Inhibition Zones

Objective: The aim is to estimate the effect of curcumin and rosemary as antibacterial agents among dental caries cases. Methods: Samples of saliva were randomly collected from 40 patients in Al-Furat General Hospital who attended the hospital from July to September 2018. Swabs were cultured on blood agar at 37°C for 24 h and then subcultured in mannitol salt agar and trypticase soy broth at 37°C for 24 h. Different concentrations of aqueous extract curcumin solution (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) and rosemary solution (1 g/ml) were prepared and added to the bacterial culture. Later, minimum inhibition zones of the bacterial cultures were determined. Results: The results showed that there were 25 cases of Streptococcus mutans, 10 cases of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 cases of anaerobic bacteria, and 2 cases of normal flora among 40 culturing swabs of bacteria. Aqueous extract of curcumin showed antibacterial effect with concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) against oral bacteria; nevertheless, these bacteria were resistant to the aqueous extract of rosemary with concentration 1 g/ml. Conclusion: It can be concluded that curcumin can be an effective antibacterial agent against dental caries disease and its effect increases positively in relation to its concentration. On the other hand, rosemary with 1 g/ml concentration did not show any effect on oral bacteria.

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Genetic Analysis of Mutacin B-Ny266, a Lantibiotic Active against Caries Pathogens

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00762-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 202 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Delphine Dufour ◽

Abdelahhad Barbour ◽

Yuki Chan ◽

Marcus Cheng ◽

Taimoor Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Streptococci ◽

Chromosomal Locus ◽

Content Type ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Plaque Biofilm

ABSTRACT Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized proteinaceous antibacterial peptides. They selectively interfere with the growth of other bacteria. The production and secretion of bacteriocins confer a distinct ecological advantage to the producer in competing against other bacteria that are present in the same ecological niche. Streptococcus mutans, a significant contributor to the development of dental caries, is one of the most prolific producers of bacteriocins, known as mutacins in S. mutans. In this study, we characterized the locus encoding mutacin B-Ny266, a lantibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity. The chromosomal locus is composed of six predicted operon structures encoding proteins involved in regulation, antimicrobial activity, biosynthesis, modification, transport, and immunity. Mutacin B-Ny266 was purified from semisolid cultures, and two inhibitory peptides, LanA and LanA′, were detected. Both peptides were highly modified. Such modifications include dehydration of serine and threonine and the formation of a C-terminal aminovinyl-cysteine (AviCys) ring. While LanA peptide alone is absolutely required for antimicrobial activity, the presence of LanA′ enhanced the activity of LanA, suggesting that B-Ny266 may function as a two-peptide lantibiotic. The activation of lanAA′ expression is most likely controlled by the conserved two-component system NsrRS, which is activated by LanA peptide but not by LanA′. The chromosomal locus encoding mutacin B-Ny266 was not universally conserved in all sequenced S. mutans genomes. Intriguingly, the genes encoding LanAA′ peptides were restricted to the most invasive serotypes of S. mutans. IMPORTANCE Although dental caries is largely preventable, it remains the most common and costly infectious disease worldwide. Caries is initiated by the presence of dental plaque biofilm that contains Streptococcus mutans, a species extensively characterized by its role in caries development and formation. S. mutans deploys an arsenal of strategies to establish itself within the oral cavity. One of them is the production of bacteriocins that confer a competitive advantage by targeting and killing closely related competitors. In this work, we found that mutacin B-Ny266 is a potent lantibiotic that is effective at killing a wide array of oral streptococci, including nearly all S. mutans strains tested. Lantibiotics produced by oral bacteria could represent a promising strategy to target caries pathogens embedded in dental plaque biofilm.

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Murein Hydrolase LytF of Streptococcus sanguinis and the Ecological Consequences of Competence Development

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01709-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (24) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nyssa Cullin ◽

Sylvio Redanz ◽

Kirsten J. Lampi ◽

Justin Merritt ◽

Jens Kreth

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Content Type ◽

Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽

Murein Hydrolase ◽

Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The overall health of the oral cavity is dependent on proper homeostasis between health-associated bacterial colonizers and bacteria known to promote dental caries. Streptococcus sanguinis is a health-associated commensal organism, a known early colonizer of the acquired tooth pellicle, and is naturally competent. We have shown that LytF, a competence-controlled murein hydrolase, is capable of inducing the release of extracellular DNA (eDNA) from oral bacteria. Precipitated LytF and purified LytF were used as treatments against planktonic cultures and biofilms. Larger amounts of eDNA were released from cultures treated with protein samples containing LytF. Additionally, LytF could affect biofilm formation and cellular morphology. Biofilm formation was significantly decreased in the lytF-complemented strain, in which increased amounts of LytF are present. The same strain also exhibited cell morphology defects in both planktonic cultures and biofilms. Furthermore, the LytF cell morphology phenotype was reproducible in wild-type cells using purified LytF protein. In sum, our findings demonstrate that LytF can induce the release of eDNA from oral bacteria, and they suggest that, without proper regulation of LytF, cells display morphological abnormalities that contribute to biofilm malformation. In the context of the oral biofilm, LytF may play important roles as part of the competence and biofilm development programs, as well as increasing the availability of eDNA. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus sanguinis, a commensal organism in the oral cavity and one of the pioneer colonizers of the tooth surface, is associated with the overall health of the oral environment. Our laboratory showed previously that, under aerobic conditions, S. sanguinis can produce H2O2 to inhibit the growth of bacterial species that promote dental caries. This production of H2O2 by S. sanguinis also induces the release of eDNA, which is essential for proper biofilm formation. Under anaerobic conditions, S. sanguinis does not produce H2O2 but DNA is still released. Determining how S. sanguinis releases DNA is thus essential to understand biofilm formation in the oral cavity.

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Characterization of Recombinant, Ureolytic Streptococcus mutans Demonstrates an Inverse Relationship between Dental Plaque Ureolytic Capacity and Cariogenicity

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.68.5.2621-2629.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 2621-2629 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

K. Anne Clancy ◽

Sylvia Pearson ◽

William H. Bowen ◽

Robert A. Burne

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Urease Activity ◽

Dental Health ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Streptococcus Salivarius ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT Dental caries results from prolonged plaque acidification that leads to the establishment of a cariogenic microflora and demineralization of the tooth. Urease enzymes of oral bacteria hydrolyze urea to ammonia, which can neutralize plaque acids. To begin to examine the relationship between plaque ureolytic activity and the incidence of dental caries, recombinant, ureolytic strains ofStreptococcus mutans were constructed. Specifically, theureABCEFGD operon from Streptococcus salivarius57.I was integrated into the S. mutans chromosome in such a way that the operon was transcribed from a weak, cognate promoter inS. mutans ACUS4 or a stronger promoter in S. mutans ACUS6. Both strains expressed NiCl2-dependent urease activity, but the maximal urease levels in ACUS6 were threefold higher than those in ACUS4. In vitro pH drop experiments demonstrated that the ability of the recombinant S. mutans strains to moderate a decrease in pH during the simultaneous metabolism of glucose and urea increased proportionately with the level of urease activity expressed. Specific-pathogen-free rats that were infected with ACUS6 and fed a cariogenic diet with drinking water containing 25 mM urea and 50 μM NiCl2 had relatively high levels of oral urease activity, as well as dramatic decreases in the prevalence of smooth-surface caries and the severity of sulcal caries, relative to controls. Urease activity appears to influence plaque biochemistry and metabolism in a manner that reduces cariogenicity, suggesting that recombinant, ureolytic bacteria may be useful to promote dental health.

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Identification of the bacterial biosynthetic gene clusters of the oral microbiome illuminates the unexplored social language of bacteria during health and disease

10.1101/431510 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gajender Aleti ◽

Jonathon L. Baker ◽

Xiaoyu Tang ◽

Ruth Alvarez ◽

Márcia Dinis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Signaling Molecules ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Communication Media ◽

Biosynthetic Gene ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

ABSTRACTSmall molecules are the primary communication media of the microbial world. Recent bioinformatics studies, exploring the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which produce many small molecules, have highlighted the incredible biochemical potential of the signaling molecules encoded by the human microbiome. Thus far, most research efforts have focused on understanding the social language of the gut microbiome, leaving crucial signaling molecules produced by oral bacteria, and their connection to health versus disease, in need of investigation. In this study, a total of 4,915 BGCs were identified across 461 genomes representing a broad taxonomic diversity of oral bacteria. Sequence similarity networking provided a putative product class for over 100 unclassified novel BGCs. The newly identified BGCs were cross-referenced against 254 metagenomes and metatranscriptomes derived from individuals with either good oral health, dental caries, or periodontitis. This analysis revealed 2,473 BGCs, which were differentially represented across the oral microbiomes associated with health versus disease. Co-abundance network analysis identified numerous inverse correlations between BGCs and specific oral taxa. These correlations were present in health, but greatly reduced in dental caries, which may suggest a defect in colonization resistance. Finally, corroborating mass spectrometry identified several compounds with homology to products of the predicted BGC classes. Together, these findings greatly expand the number of known biosynthetic pathways present in the oral microbiome and provide an atlas for experimental characterization of these abundant, yet poorly understood, molecules and socio-chemical relationships, which impact the development of caries and periodontitis, two of the world’s most common chronic diseases.IMPORTANCEThe healthy oral microbiome is symbiotic with the human host, importantly providing colonization resistance against potential pathogens. Dental caries and periodontitis are two of the world’s most common and costly chronic infectious diseases, and are caused by a localized dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Bacterially produced small molecules, often encoded by BGCs, are the primary communication media of bacterial communities, and play a crucial, yet largely unknown, role in the transition from health to dysbiosis. This study provides a comprehensive mapping of the BGC repertoire of the human oral microbiome and identifies major differences in health compared to disease. Furthermore, BGC representation and expression is linked to the abundance of particular oral bacterial taxa in health versus dental caries and periodontitis. Overall, this study provides a significant insight into the chemical communication network of the healthy oral microbiome, and how it devolves in the case of two prominent diseases.

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