Two-Field Lymphadenectomy During Esophagectomy: The Presence of Thoracic Duct Lymph Nodes

Abstract Migration of a very large number of lymphocytes (211.8 x 106 per day) into the intestinal canal of rats, which weighed about 100 Gm., was found. Lymphocytes in the lumen of the intestine were 80.2 per cent small, 15.9 per cent medium and 3.9 per cent large. Any recycling of instilling cells into the intestine could not be observed. Lymphocytes labeled with H3-thymidine, obtained from both thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of donor rats, were washed and injected into the intestine of recipient rats. H3 activity of the blood and thoracic duct lymph plasma after administration of labeled lymphocytes showed that DNA breakdown products from the lymphocytes in the gut were absorbed and transferred by way of both the portal vein and the thoracic duct. Evidence that the activity was actually incorporated into the DNA of proliferating cells of the recipient was demonstrated by autoradiographic means.

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MIGRATION OF LYMPHOCYTES AND THYMOCYTES IN THE RAT

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.127.1.155 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 155-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Irving Goldschneider ◽

Douglas D. McGregor

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

White Pulp ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Splenic White Pulp

The cellular deficit in rats thymectomized at birth is primarily one of circulating small lymphocytes. The lymphocyte deficiency is similar to that induced in adult rats by chronic drainage from a thoracic duct fistula. In both cases, the animals show a reduction of small lymphocytes in peripheral blood, thoracic duct lymph, and in circumscribed areas of lymphoid tissue. The lympocyte deficiency in lymphoid tissue can be corrected by an intravenous injection of thoracic duct lymphocytes. The evidence suggests that the deficiency is corrected by small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes pass from blood to lymphoid tissue along a route which includes the marginal sinus in splenic white pulp and postcapillary venules in the cortex of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Neither the ability of small lymphocytes to colonize lymphoid tissue nor their ability to traverse postcapillary venules are thymus-dependent phenomena. However, movement of small lymphocytes across postcapillary venules appears to modify the structure of endothelium. Intravenously injected small thymocytes migrate to lymphoid tissue in smaller numbers than small lymphocytes inoculated by the same route. The few thymocytes which localize in lymphoid tissue follow the same pathway as circulating small lymphocytes.

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DIVIDING LYMPH NODE CELLS IN SYNGENEIC RECIPIENT RATS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.130.6.1427 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 130 (6) ◽

pp. 1427-1451 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

Claude Griscelli ◽

Pierre Vassalli ◽

Robert T. McCluskey

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Donor Cells ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Lymph Node Cells ◽

Syngeneic Recipient

The distribution of large dividing lymph node or thoracic duct lymph cells, labeled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, was studied in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. In most experiments the donor rats had been immunized with Bacillus pertussis 4 days earlier, but in some instances cells from nonimmunized donors were used. In smears, the labeled donor cells had the appearance of large lymphocytes or large pyroninophilic cells. By electronmicroscopy, the majority of labeled donor cells were seen to have only scanty endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that the labeled cells rapidly "homed" to lymphoid tissue and recirculated in the recipient, in a fashion resembling that of small lymphocytes. However, the distribution of labeled cells was found to depend upon the source of the donor cells. Cells from mesenteric lymph nodes or thoracic duct lymph showed a marked preferential accumulation in lymphoid tissue within or adjacent to the intestine, whereas cells from peripheral nodes accumulated preferentially in peripheral lymph nodes. Cells from any of these sources showed an equal tendency to accumulate in the white pulp of the spleen. Suspensions of small lymphocytes, labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine, did not display a similar tendency to localize preferentially in lymphoid tissue in certain regions. It was also found that large dividing lymph node cells from donors immunized with an antigen (2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) or B. pertussis) showed a greater tendency to accumulate in a recipient lymph node containing that antigen than in the contralateral node. It was not determined whether the selective accumulation of large dividing lymphoid cells from different sources in lymphoid tissue of different regions in recipients was due to an antigen recognition mechansim or was the result of two different populations of cells with different "homing" mechanisms.

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Lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte recirculation in the sheep fetus.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.143.1.167 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 143 (1) ◽

pp. 167-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

L D Pearson ◽

M W Simpson-Morgan ◽

B Morris

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Blood Stream ◽

In Utero ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Sheep Fetus

The production and the circulation of lymphocytes has been examined in the sheep fetus where neither foreign antigen nor immunoglobulins occur. It was found that as the lymphoid organs increased in size during fetal life, the numbers and the output of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph increased. The recirculating pool of lymphocytes was estimated to be 5.5 +/- 1.5 X 10(8) cells in fetal lambs 95-100 days of age, 5.7 +/- 1.2 X 10(9) cells in fetuses 130-135 days of age, and 1.2 +/0 9.3 X 10(10) cells in fetuses near to term. The rate of addition of lymphocytes to the recirculating pool was 3.2 +/- 1.9 X 10(6) cells/h in fetuses of 100 days and 3.4 +/- 0.9 X 10(7) cells/h in fetuses of 130 days of age. Lymphocytes recirculated from blood to lymph in fetuses; labeled cells injected into the blood stream reappeared in the thoracic duct lymph promptly and reached maximum levels around 12-18 h after they were injected. Labeled lymphocytes were detected subsequently in greatest numbers in the lymph nodes, particularly in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the interfollicular areas of the Peyer's patches. Chronic drainage of thoracic duct lymph from fetuses in utero for periods of up to 36 days had no obvious effects on the growth or development of the fetus and only minimal effects on the content of lymphocytes in the various lymphoid tissues even though the number of cells in the blood and lymph were reduced to between 20-30% of normal levels. Thymectomy done in fetuses about 2 mo befor cannulation of the thoracic duct reduced the output of cells in the thoracic duct to about 25% of normal levels and caused a significant reduction in the content of lymphocytes in the various lymphoid tissues. Thymectomized fetal lambs subjected to thoracic duct drainage for periods up to 2 wk in utero had a similar complement of lymphocytes in their lymphoid tissues to intact thymectomized fetal lambs. Lymphocytes obtained from the thoracic duct lymph of lambs thymectomized 2 mo previously recirculated from blood to lymph when they were injected intravenously, although they did this at a significantly slower rate than did lymphocytes from normal lambs.

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The presence of metastatic thoracic duct lymph nodes in Western esophageal cancer patients

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.02.041 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ingmar L. Defize ◽

Stijn M.C. Gorgels ◽

Elena Mazza ◽

Bernadette Schurink ◽

Paolo Strignano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Duct Lymph

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Lymphatic Permeability to Albumin

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.194.1.120 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 194 (1) ◽

pp. 120-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Rodney M. Patterson ◽

Charles L. Ballard ◽

Karlman Wasserman ◽

H. S. Mayerson

Keyword(s):

Serum Albumin ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Constant Rate ◽

Duct Lymph

Radioactive albumin was infused proximally into a leg lymphatic of dogs at a constant rate, thoracic duct lymph and blood were sampled for 150 minutes and the radioactive albumin in these fluids determined. The infused albumin returns to the circulation primarily by the thoracic duct. Less than 3% of the infused albumin reaches the circulation by routes other than the thoracic duct except in unusual cases of right and left thoracic duct anastomoses. Lymph nodes do not phagocytize the serum albumin passing through them and exchange of albumin between lymph and blood in lymph nodes is quantitatively insignificant.

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Relationships of Adrenals, Gonads, and Thyroid to Thymus and Lymph Nodes, and to Blood and Thoracic Duct Leukocytes

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v10.6.633.633 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 633-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MARVIN M. SHREWSBURY ◽

WM. O. REINHARDT

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Young Male ◽

Male Rats ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Cell Content ◽

Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Increased Sensitivity

Abstract The effects of gonadectomy, adrenalectomy, and thyroidectomy, and of thyroxine administration on the weight of lymphatic tissues and on the numbers of blood and thoracic duct leukocytes have been studied over a 40 day period in young male rats. The results of the present experiment are interpreted to indicate that: 1. Removal of the gonads caused a marked increase in the weight of the thymus, whereas but slight effect was noted on the weights of the lymph nodes. Removal of the adrenal glands, however, resulted in a marked increase in the weight of all lymphatic tissues. 2. Thyroxine administration was demonstrated to exert a hyperplastic effect on the lymph nodes, an effect which was accentuated by the removal of the adrenals and gonads. The lymph nodes were more sensitive than the thymus to the stimulating influence of thyroxine administration in the intact animal. 3. A comparison of the weights of the thymus and lymph nodes to control values was more indicative of the hypoactivity or hyperactivity of the thyroid, adrenals and gonads, than were the weights of the thymus or lymph nodes considered separately. 4. The increase in the level of blood lymphocytes following removal of the adrenals appeared to result from a failure of normal removal of the lymphocytes from the bloodstream, rather than from an increased delivery of the lymphocytes to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Administration of thyroxine to normal animals did not produce a blood lymphocytosis, lending further weight to the suggestion of Marine and others that the blood changes seen its toxic hyperthyroidism are the result of adrenocortical insufficiency. 5. Changes in the weight of the lymphatic tissues were not necessarily reflected by a proportional change in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes, nor did the number of blood lymphocytes necessarily reflect the number of lymphocytes delivered to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct lymph. 6. The marked increase in the volume and cell content of thoracic duct lymph noted its thyroxine treated adrenalectomized-gonadectomized animals appears to be directly related to an increased sensitivity to the effects of thyroxine administration in the absence of these glands. 7. Removal of the thyroid gland vitiated the increases in weight of thymus and lymph nodes produced after castration and/or adrenalectomy. 8. The eosinophilic leukocytosis consequent on adrenalectomy was markedly augmented by removal of the thyroid and gonads.

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