Prospective air pollutant emissions inventory for the development and production of unconventional natural gas in the Karoo basin, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katye E. Altieri ◽  
Adrian Stone
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Karoo Basin ◽  
Unconventional Natural Gas

3-Way Catalyst Testing at VTT Energy

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Sartain ◽  
Don Newburry ◽  
Mikko Pitkanen ◽  
Markku Ikonen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Crossover Point

Emissions regulations on stationary, natural gas fired reciprocating engines are becoming increasingly tighter throughout the United States. In addition to lower NOx, CO and hydrocarbon limits, regulation of HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutant) emissions has become more prevalent. Rich burn (stoichiometric) natural gas engines are widely used in the oil and gas industry, as well as in distributed power generation. Due to the low oxygen content in the exhaust, these engines are suitable for 3-Way catalyst, which simultaneously reduces NOx and oxidizes CO and hydrocarbons. A series of 3-Way catalyst tests were conducted on a small natural gas engine at the VTT Technical Research Centre in Espoo, Finland. The overall goals of the testing were to determine the ability of various 3-Way catalysts to meet California emissions regulations and to gather data on HAPs emission reductions. The testing was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, several fresh catalysts were tested at the NOx/CO crossover point (i.e., the point where CO and NOx reduction percent is approximately equal) by using an air/fuel ratio controller to keep the exhaust oxygen level constant. Detailed emissions measurements of both regulated and unregulated emissions were taken. The measurements included NOx, CO, hydrocarbon species, CH2O, N2O, NH3, and H2. In phase 2, the effects of exhaust lambda variation on NOx and CO were studied in more detail, with aged catalyst. Also, different engine loads were tested to vary the space velocity and temperature. This paper describes the testing in more detail and presents some of the resulting data.

Air pollutant emissions of light-duty vehicles operating on various natural gas compositions

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Karavalakis ◽  
Thomas D. Durbin ◽  
Mark Villela ◽  
J. Wayne Miller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

A Comparative Analysis of Shipping Emissions Estimation Methodologies and their Applicability

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 3042-3047
Author(s):  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Qing Qi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ship Movement

The shipping emissions estimation method is the premise and basis of making shipping emissions inventory, assessing the impact of shipping emissions, and promoting the work of energy saving and emissions reduction in transportation industry. The article analyzed the three main kinds of current representative shipping emissions estimation methods, i.e. simplified methodology and detailed methodology for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships presented by Techne Consulting, Tier1 and Tier2 methods from IPCC, and default approach, technology specific approach and ship movement methodology proposed by EMEP. Based on a comparative analysis of the characteristics of these estimation methods and their applicability, it was shown that: (1) the three kinds of methods from Techne Consulting, IPCC and EMEP are essentially the same, that is the emission equals to the product of the level of activities and emission factors, the difference lies in the level of detail of the activities are broken down; (2) the three shipping emissions calculation methods proposed by EMEP can be considered as the comprehensive and representative method, the default approach is a top-down method, and the technology specific approach and ship movement methodology are bottom-up approaches; (3) different methods have different applicability, the default approach proposed by EMEP is recommended to estimate CO2, SO2 emissions from shipping, and the technology specific approach and ship movement methodology are suitable for estimating the emissions of the other pollutants.

scholarly journals Comparison of Emissions Inventories of Anthropogenic Air Pollutants in China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Saikawa ◽  
Hankyul Kim ◽  
Min Zhong ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Central China ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Anthropogenic Air Pollutants ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Regional Emissions

Abstract. Anthropogenic air pollutant emissions have been increasing rapidly in China. Modelers use emissions inventories to assess temporal and spatial distribution of these emissions to estimate their impacts on regional and global air quality. However, large uncertainties exist in emissions estimates and assessing discrepancies in these inventories is essential for better understanding of the trends in air pollution over China. We compare five different emissions inventories estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 um or less (PM10) from China. The emissions inventories analyzed in this paper include Regional Emissions inventory in ASia v2.1 (REAS); Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC); Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research v4.2 (EDGAR); the inventory by Yu Zhao (ZHAO); and the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS). We focus on the period between 2000 and 2008 during which the Chinese economic activities have more than doubled. In addition to the national total, we also analyzed emissions from four source sectors (industry, transportation, power, and residential) and within seven regions in China (East, North, Northeast, Central, Southwest, Northwest, and South) and found that large disagreements (~ seven fold) exist among the five inventories at disaggregated levels. These discrepancies lead to differences of 67 ug/m3, 15 ppbv, and 470 ppbv for monthly mean PM10, O3, and CO, respectively, in modelled regional concentrations in China. We also find that MEIC inventory emissions estimates create a VOC-limited environment that produces much lower O3 mixing ratio in the East and Central China compared to the simulations using REAS and EDGAR estimates. Our results illustrate that a better understanding of Chinese emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for finding an effective mitigation measure for reducing national and regional air pollution in China.

scholarly journals Korean National Emissions Inventory System and 2007 Air Pollutant Emissions

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
DaeGyun Lee ◽  
Yong-Mi Lee ◽  
Kee-Won Jang ◽  
Chul Yoo ◽  
Kyoung-Hee Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emissions Inventory

EDGAR v5.0: a tool to evaluate the influence of technology incorporation and regulatory frameworks on global greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel David Oreggioni ◽  
Fabio Monforti-Ferraio ◽  
Monica Crippa ◽  
Edwin Schaaf ◽  
Diego Guizzardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Efficient Power ◽  
The Impact

<p>During the last 30 years, the global energy sector has undergone through significant transformation, delivering a considerably larger electricity output whilst attempting to reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. The international community has tackled this challenging dilemma by implementing different kind of policies and by encouraging several types of technological changes; including the partial replacement of coal and liquid fossil fuels by low carbon energy vectors (natural gas and renewable sources), the incorporation of more efficient power trains (natural gas fired combined cycles and supercritical coal fired plants) and the deployment of primary and secondary treatment processes for limiting air pollutant concentration in flue gases.<br>EDGAR is a unique global emission database due to its high sectorial, technological and geographical coverage; reporting greenhouse and air pollutant emission time series (1970-nowadays) in a very detailed way. Research is currently being conducted, aimed at updating the energy conversion and end of pipe processes so that the quantified emissions can better reflect the latest global and regional changes. By using EDGAR new data, it is possible to evaluate the impact of technology and regulatory frameworks on air pollutant emissions as well as to identify possible co-benefits and trade off associated with climate change mitigation policies for the energy industries.<br>This work is intended to study the drivers for greenhouse and air pollutant emission trends within this sector - both in large emitting developed and developing economies; by focusing on the role of  demand increase, on the penetration of non-fossil sources and specially on the incorporation of more efficient power islands, combustion and air pollutant abatement units.</p>

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