3-Way Catalyst Testing at VTT Energy

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Sartain ◽  
Don Newburry ◽  
Mikko Pitkanen ◽  
Markku Ikonen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Crossover Point

Emissions regulations on stationary, natural gas fired reciprocating engines are becoming increasingly tighter throughout the United States. In addition to lower NOx, CO and hydrocarbon limits, regulation of HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutant) emissions has become more prevalent. Rich burn (stoichiometric) natural gas engines are widely used in the oil and gas industry, as well as in distributed power generation. Due to the low oxygen content in the exhaust, these engines are suitable for 3-Way catalyst, which simultaneously reduces NOx and oxidizes CO and hydrocarbons. A series of 3-Way catalyst tests were conducted on a small natural gas engine at the VTT Technical Research Centre in Espoo, Finland. The overall goals of the testing were to determine the ability of various 3-Way catalysts to meet California emissions regulations and to gather data on HAPs emission reductions. The testing was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, several fresh catalysts were tested at the NOx/CO crossover point (i.e., the point where CO and NOx reduction percent is approximately equal) by using an air/fuel ratio controller to keep the exhaust oxygen level constant. Detailed emissions measurements of both regulated and unregulated emissions were taken. The measurements included NOx, CO, hydrocarbon species, CH2O, N2O, NH3, and H2. In phase 2, the effects of exhaust lambda variation on NOx and CO were studied in more detail, with aged catalyst. Also, different engine loads were tested to vary the space velocity and temperature. This paper describes the testing in more detail and presents some of the resulting data.

scholarly journals ESP v2.0: enhanced method for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States – addressing spatial allocation

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ran ◽  
D. H. Loughlin ◽  
D. Yang ◽  
Z. Adelman ◽  
B. H. Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
County Level ◽  
Air Quality Model

Abstract. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) method produces future-year air pollutant emissions for mesoscale air quality modeling applications. We present ESP v2.0, which expands upon ESP v1.0 by spatially allocating future-year emissions to account for projected population and land use changes. In ESP v2.0, US Census Division-level emission growth factors are developed using an energy system model. Regional factors for population-related emissions are spatially disaggregated to the county level using population growth and migration projections. The county-level growth factors are then applied to grow a base-year emission inventory to the future. Spatial surrogates are updated to account for future population and land use changes, and these surrogates are used to map projected county-level emissions to a modeling grid for use within an air quality model. We evaluate ESP v2.0 by comparing US 12 km emissions for 2005 with projections for 2050. We also evaluate the individual and combined effects of county-level disaggregation and of updating spatial surrogates. Results suggest that the common practice of modeling future emissions without considering spatial redistribution over-predicts emissions in the urban core and under-predicts emissions in suburban and exurban areas. In addition to improving multi-decadal emission projections, a strength of ESP v2.0 is that it can be applied to assess the emissions and air quality implications of alternative energy, population and land use scenarios.

scholarly journals Assessment of the effect of air pollution controls on trends in shortwave radiation over the United States from 1995 through 2010 from multiple observation networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1701-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-M. Gan ◽  
J. Pleim ◽  
R. Mathur ◽  
C. Hogrefe ◽  
C. N. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Western Us ◽  
The Us ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. Long-term data sets of all-sky and clear-sky downwelling shortwave (SW) radiation, cloud cover fraction, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were analyzed together with surface concentrations from several networks (e.g., Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD), Clean Air Status and Trend Network (CASTNET), Interagency Monitoring of Protection Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)) in the United States (US). Seven states with varying climatology were selected to better understand the effects of aerosols and clouds on SW radiation. This analysis aims to assess the effects of reductions in anthropogenic aerosol burden resulting from substantial reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the past 16 yr across the US, based on trends in SW radiation. The SO2 and NOx emission data show decreasing trends from 1995 to 2010, which indirectly validates the effects of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in the US. Meanwhile, the total column AOD and surface total PM2.5 observations also show decreasing trends in the eastern US but slightly increasing trends in the western US. Moreover, measured surface concentrations of several other pollutants (i.e., SO2, SO4 and NOx) have similar behavior to AOD and total PM2.5. Analysis of the observed data shows strong increasing trends in all-sky downwelling SW radiation with decreasing trends in cloud cover. However, since observations of both all-sky direct and diffuse SW radiation show increasing trends, there may be other factors contributing to the radiation trends in addition to the decreasing trends in overall cloud cover. To investigate the role of direct radiative effects of aerosols, clear-sky downwelling radiation is analyzed so that cloud effects are eliminated. However, similar increasing trends in clear-sky total and diffuse SW radiation are observed. While significantly decreasing trends in AOD and surface PM2.5 concentrations along with increasing SW radiation (both all-sky and clear-sky) in the eastern US during 1995–2010 imply the occurrence of direct aerosol mediated "brightening", the increasing trends of both all-sky and clear-sky diffuse SW radiation contradicts this conclusion since diffuse radiation would be expected to decrease as aerosols direct effects decrease and cloud cover decreases. After investigating several confounding factors, the increasing trend in clear-sky diffuse SW may be due to more high-level cirrus from increasing air traffic over the US. The clear-sky radiation observations in the western US also show indications of "brightening" even though the AOD, PM2.5 and surface concentration do not vary drastically. This outcome was not unexpected because the CAA controls were mainly aimed at reducing air pollutant emissions in the eastern US and air pollutant levels in the western US were much lower at the onset. This suggests other factors affect the "brightening" especially in the western US.

scholarly journals Non-catalytic NOx reduction for marine Diesel engine: an experimental approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 07015
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti ◽  
Stefano Frigo ◽  
Marco Antonelli ◽  
Gianluca Pasini ◽  
Paolo Bertetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Nox Abatement ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
First Results ◽  
The University

Recent legislation concerning air pollutant emissions from ships (Tier III) has considerably decreased NOx emission limits for recreational ships with less than 500 gross tonnages and greater than 24 m load line length (LLL), the so-called “large yachts”. For these yachts, which adopt multiple Diesel engines with maximum power ranging from 800 to 2000 kW, the new NOx limit is less than 2 g/kWh. To satisfy that limit, engine makers suggest the adoption of a classic SCR system with urea injection but this methodology, in addition to requiring a large space for installation, does not seem so appropriate for diesel engines of large yachts that normally operate at low power with exhaust temperatures often well below 300 °C, therefore not sufficient to allow the correct functioning of the SCR. The aforementioned circumstances have prompted Sanlorenzo Spa (La Spezia – Italy), one of the world’s leading companies in the production of pleasure boats, to collaborate with the University of Pisa in the study of alternative solutions to SCR systems. Recently there is a great interest in innovative NOx abatement systems, based on the possibility of absorbing NOx molecules into seawater through the utilization of appropriate aqueous solutions containing targeted saline oxidizing agents. The present study describes the first results of a research program aimed to identify, from one side, the best saline oxidizing agent for an aqueous NOx abatement and, from the other, the best washing methodology compatible with the propulsion layouts usually adopted on yachts. In the engine testing laboratories of the Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction Engineering (DESTeC) of the University of Pisa, an experimental apparatus has been created to reproduce the real conditions of underwater engine exhausting. This device was combined with a small 1.2 L direct injection diesel engine. The first results showed a reduction of the NOx emissions of about 27% by using a gas washing with wet scrubber, followed by bubbling in water, using 0.2 molar NaClO saline solutions.

Air pollutant emissions of light-duty vehicles operating on various natural gas compositions

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Karavalakis ◽  
Thomas D. Durbin ◽  
Mark Villela ◽  
J. Wayne Miller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

US methane rules will not achieve climate targets

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
State Level ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Natural Gas Industry

Subject US methane regulations. Significance US rules aimed at 45% reductions in methane emissions from the oil and gas industry by 2025 are to be finalised in the middle of this year, according to a White House plan unveiled last month. Methane emissions are the second-most common greenhouse gas (GHG) in the United States and account worldwide for nearly 20% of 'radiative forcing' -- a measure of potential climate change impact. The new rules will apply from 2016 and only to new or newly modified sites. Impacts The push to switch to natural gas from coal could lead to a rapid increase in gas installations. However, the natural gas industry has expanded during the 'shale revolution' and those operations will be exempt from current rules. Landfill regulations may proliferate at municipal and state level, where the industry is less politicised.

scholarly journals Shale-Oil Development Prospects: The Role of Shale-Gas in Developing Shale-Oil

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Reynolds ◽  
Maduabuchi Pascal Umekwe
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
The World

Currently, most of the world’s shale-oil is coming from the United States, but more may be needed from non-U.S. sources in order to keep the world price of oil from increasing, and yet a number of petroleum producing countries have yet to develop shale-oil resources. This article investigates why that may be. One reason for this may be the role that shale-gas development plays in the search for shale-oil. In the oil and natural gas industry over much of the 20th century, finding oil has usually been more valuable than finding natural gas because the gas has less energy density than oil, making each BTU (or Joule) of oil energy easier to store, transport and use for consumers. However, since shale source-rock often has both natural gas and oil, then it behooves a shale search process to start by looking for natural gas first rather than oil to enhance the profitability of the search process. The problem, then, is that a shale-oil only search strategy has the same problem that first plagued the oil and gas industry: What do you do with the natural gas? In this paper, we will examine how this “chicken and egg” exploration scenario has played out in the U.S. in order to draw lessons on how difficult shale-oil development will be for the rest of the world.

scholarly journals Perspectives for Mitigation of CO2 Emission due to Development of Electromobility in Several Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Olga Orynycz ◽  
Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Electric Cars

The creep trend method is used for the analysis of the development of electric car production in three regions: The United States, the European Union and Japan. Based on vehicle registration and population growth data for each year the creep trend method using historical data for the years 2007–2017 is applied for forecasting development up to 2030. Moreover, the original method for calculating the primary energy factor (PEF) was applied to the analysis of power engineering systems in the regions investigated. The assessment of the effects of electromobility development on air quality has been performed, reduction values for pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have been determined, which was the main objective of this manuscript. Mitigation of air pollutant emissions, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) was estimated and compared to the eventual expected increase of emissions from power plants due to an increase of the demand for electricity. It can be concluded that electricity powered cars along with appropriate choices of energetic resources as well as electricity distribution management will play the important role to achieve the sustainable energy economy. Based on the emission reduction projections resulting from the projected increase in the number of electric cars, (corrected) emissions will be avoided in 2030 in the amount of over 14,908,000 thousand tonnes CO2 in European Union, 3,786,000 thousand tonnes CO2 in United States and 111,683 thousand tonnes CO2 in Japan.

scholarly journals The potential effects of climate change on air quality across the conterminous US at 2030 under three Representative Concentration Pathways

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 15471-15489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Nolte ◽  
Tanya L. Spero ◽  
Jared H. Bowden ◽  
Megan S. Mallard ◽  
Patrick D. Dolwick
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Representative Concentration Pathways ◽  
Concentration Changes

Abstract. The potential impacts of climate change on regional ozone (O3) and fine particulate (PM2.5) air quality in the United States (US) are investigated by linking global climate simulations with regional-scale meteorological and chemical transport models. Regional climate at 2000 and at 2030 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) is simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscale 11-year time slices from the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The downscaled meteorology is then used with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate air quality during each of these 11-year periods. The analysis isolates the future air quality differences arising from climate-driven changes in meteorological parameters and specific natural emissions sources that are strongly influenced by meteorology. Other factors that will affect future air quality, such as anthropogenic air pollutant emissions and chemical boundary conditions, are unchanged across the simulations. The regional climate fields represent historical daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures well, with mean biases of less than 2 K for most regions of the US and most seasons of the year and good representation of variability. Precipitation in the central and eastern US is well simulated for the historical period, with seasonal and annual biases generally less than 25 %, with positive biases exceeding 25 % in the western US throughout the year and in part of the eastern US during summer. Maximum daily 8 h ozone (MDA8 O3) is projected to increase during summer and autumn in the central and eastern US. The increase in summer mean MDA8 O3 is largest under RCP8.5, exceeding 4 ppb in some locations, with smaller seasonal mean increases of up to 2 ppb simulated during autumn and changes during spring generally less than 1 ppb. Increases are magnified at the upper end of the O3 distribution, particularly where projected increases in temperature are greater. Annual average PM2.5 concentration changes range from −1.0 to 1.0 µg m−3. Organic PM2.5 concentrations increase during summer and autumn due to increased biogenic emissions. Aerosol nitrate decreases during winter, accompanied by lesser decreases in ammonium and sulfate, due to warmer temperatures causing increased partitioning to the gas phase. Among meteorological factors examined to account for modeled changes in pollution, temperature and isoprene emissions are found to have the largest changes and the greatest impact on O3 concentrations.

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