Changes in motor function, cognition, and emotion-related behavior after right hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage in various brain regions of mouse

Background Very early exercise has been reported to exacerbate motor dysfunction; however, its mechanism is largely unknown. Objective This study examined the effect of very early exercise on motor recovery and associated brain damage following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Methods Collagenase solution was injected into the left striatum to induce ICH. Rats were randomly assigned to receive placebo surgery without exercise (SHAM) or ICH without (ICH) or with very early exercise within 24 hours of surgery (ICH+VET). We observed sensorimotor behaviors before surgery, and after surgery preexercise and postexercise. Postexercise brain tissue was collected 27 hours after surgery to investigate the hematoma area, brain edema, and Il1b, Tgfb1, and Igf1 mRNA levels in the striatum and sensorimotor cortex using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. NeuN, PSD95, and GFAP protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Results We observed significantly increased skillful sensorimotor impairment in the horizontal ladder test and significantly higher Il1b mRNA levels in the striatum of the ICH+VET group compared with the ICH group. NeuN protein expression was significantly reduced in both brain regions of the ICH+VET group compared with the SHAM group. Conclusion Our results suggest that very early exercise may be associated with an exacerbation of motor dysfunction because of increased neuronal death and region-specific changes in inflammatory factors. These results indicate that implementing exercise within 24 hours after ICH should be performed with caution.

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Early metabolic alterations in edematous perihematomal brain regions following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1998.88.6.1058 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 1058-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Kenneth R. Wagner ◽

Guohua Xi ◽

Ya Hua ◽

Marla Kleinholz ◽

Gabrielle M. de Courten-Myers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Gray Matter ◽

High Energy ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Large Animal ◽

High Energy Phosphate ◽

Content Type ◽

Water Contents ◽

Fine Print

Object. The authors previously demonstrated, in a large-animal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model, that markedly edematous (“translucent”) white matter regions (> 10% increases in water contents) containing high levels of clotderived plasma proteins rapidly develop adjacent to hematomas. The goal of the present study was to determine the concentrations of high-energy phosphate, carbohydrate substrate, and lactate in these and other perihematomal white and gray matter regions during the early hours following experimental ICH. Methods. The authors infused autologous blood (1.7 ml) into frontal lobe white matter in a physiologically controlled model in pigs (weighing approximately 7 kg each) and froze their brains in situ at 1, 3, 5, or 8 hours postinfusion. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), glycogen, glucose, lactate, and water contents were then measured in white and gray matter located ipsi- and contralateral to the hematomas, and metabolite concentrations in edematous brain regions were corrected for dilution. In markedly edematous white matter, glycogen and glucose concentrations increased two- to fivefold compared with control during 8 hours postinfusion. Similarly, PCr levels increased several-fold by 5 hours, whereas, except for a moderate decrease at 1 hour, ATP remained unchanged. Lactate was markedly increased (approximately 20 µmol/g) at all times. In gyral gray matter overlying the hematoma, water contents and glycogen levels were significantly increased at 5 and 8 hours, whereas lactate levels were increased two- to fourfold at all times. Conclusions. These results, which demonstrate normal to increased high-energy phosphate and carbohydrate substrate concentrations in edematous perihematomal regions during the early hours following ICH, are qualitatively similar to findings in other brain injury models in which a reduction in metabolic rate develops. Because an energy deficit is not present, lactate accumulation in edematous white matter is not caused by stimulated anaerobic glycolysis. Instead, because glutamate concentrations in the blood entering the brain's extracellular space during ICH are several-fold higher than normal levels, the authors speculate, on the basis of work reported by Pellerin and Magistretti, that glutamate uptake by astrocytes leads to enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lactate is generated at a rate that exceeds utilization.

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Association of physical activity and sedentary time with structural brain networks—The Maastricht Study

GeroScience ◽

10.1007/s11357-020-00276-z ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Laura W. M. Vergoossen ◽

J. F. A. Jansen ◽

J. J. A. de Jong ◽

C. D. A. Stehouwer ◽

N. C. Schaper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Basal Ganglia ◽

Motor Function ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Node Degree ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Diabetes Status ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

Structural Brain

Abstract We assessed whether objectively measured low- and high-intensity physical activity (LPA and HPA) and sedentary time (ST) were associated with white matter connectivity, both throughout the whole brain and in brain regions involved in motor function. In the large population-based Maastricht Study (n = 1715, age 59.6 ± 8.1 (mean ± standard deviation) years, and 48% women), the amounts of LPA, HPA, and ST were objectively measured during 7 days by an activPAL accelerometer. In addition, using 3T structural and diffusion MRI, we calculated whole brain node degree and node degree of the basal ganglia and primary motor cortex. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed, and we report standardized regression coefficients (stβ) adjusted for age, sex, education level, wake time, diabetes status, BMI, office systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, total-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication, alcohol use, smoking status, and history of cardiovascular disease. Lower HPA was associated with lower whole brain node degree after full adjustment (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.062 [− 0.101, − 0.013]; p = 0.014), whereas lower LPA (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.013 [− 0.061, 0.034]; p = 0.580) and higher ST (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.030 [− 0.081, 0.021]; p = 0.250) was not. In addition, lower HPA was associated with lower node degree of the basal ganglia after full adjustment (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.070 [− 0.121, − 0.018]; p = 0.009). Objectively measured lower HPA, but not lower LPA and higher ST, was associated with lower whole brain node degree and node degree in specific brain regions highly specialized in motor function. Further research is needed to establish whether more HPA may preserve structural brain connectivity.

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Enactive neuroscience, the direct perception hypothesis, and the socially extended mind

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x14000892 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tom Froese

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Science ◽

Extended Mind ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Direct Perception ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Sense Making ◽

Mental Processes ◽

Cognition And Emotion ◽

Spatial Extension

AbstractPessoa's The Cognitive-Emotional Brain (2013) is an integrative approach to neuroscience that complements other developments in cognitive science, especially enactivism. Both accept complexity as essential to mind; both tightly integrate perception, cognition, and emotion, which enactivism unifies in its foundational concept of sense-making; and both emphasize that the spatial extension of mental processes is not reducible to specific brain regions and neuroanatomical connectivity. An enactive neuroscience is emerging.

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Motor skills training speed up the recovery of motor function following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1157 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. e261

Author(s):

Keigo Tamakoshi ◽

Akimasa Ishida ◽

Yasuyuki Takamatsu ◽

Michiru Hamakawa ◽

Haruka Shimada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Motor Function ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Skills Training ◽

Speed Up ◽

Recovery Of Motor Function ◽

Motor Skills Training

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DIFFUSION TENSOR TRACTOGRAPHY PREDICTS MOTOR FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/01.neu.0000311066.03121.b8 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 97-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Hideyuki Yoshioka ◽

Toru Horikoshi ◽

Shigeki Aoki ◽

Masaaki Hori ◽

Keiichi Ishigame ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Motor Function ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Case Series ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

Diffusion Tensor Tractography ◽

Manual Muscle Test ◽

Apparent Diffusion ◽

Adc Values

Abstract OBJECTIVE We prospectively investigated the predictive value of diffusion tensor tractography for motor functional outcome in a case series of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS Diffusion tensor tractography was performed in 17 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (putamen, nine patients; thalamus, seven patients; combined, one patient) within 5 days after onset. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values along the corticospinal tracts at the level of the hematoma were measured bilaterally, and the ratios of values (hematoma side/contralateral side) were determined as FA and ADC ratios, respectively. Patients were evaluated for motor function on admission and at 3 months after onset using the manual muscle test score and then divided into good (manual muscle test, 4–5) and poor (manual muscle test, 0–3) motor function groups. RESULTS FA ratio measured shortly after the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage correlated well with motor functional outcome at 3 months (P < 0.05) but not with motor function on admission. FA ratios in the group with good motor functional outcome were significantly higher than those in the group with poor motor functional outcome (P < 0.01). The ADC ratio did not correlate with motor function either on admission or at 3 months. All patients with an FA ratio greater than 0.8 had a good motor functional outcome. In three patients, however, motor functional outcomes were favorable even though FA ratios were not high; in these patients, ADC ratios tended to be elevated. CONCLUSION Motor functional outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage can be predicted by measuring FA values using diffusion tensor tractography.

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Comparison of the Effects of Familiar Exercise and Novel Exercise on the Motor Function in Rat of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Physical Therapy Korea ◽

10.12674/ptk.2012.19.3.072 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 72-80

Author(s):

Sang-Hun Jang ◽

Kyoung-Ok Hwang ◽

Jin-Sang Kim

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Motor Function

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Neurocircuitry of Affective, Cognitive, and Regulatory Systems

10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Annmarie MacNamara ◽

K. Luan Phan

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Cognition And Emotion ◽

Functional Perspective ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

Affect And Cognition ◽

Subcortical Regions ◽

Response Output ◽

And Function ◽

Regulatory Functions

This chapter provides a review and synthesis of the neurocircuitry involved in affect and cognition and their interactions as it relates to regulatory functions. Cognition and emotion are considered together taking a more integrated, functional perspective. The chapter first gives an overview regarding structure and function of key brain regions, that is, prefrontal and cingulate regions, insula, and subcortical regions, as well as other temporal-parietal-occipital regions. Following this overview, the chapter proceeds with summarizing key neuroscientific findings as organized by cognitive processes and their relevance for emotion. The choice of processes reflects the key stages involved in responding to a stimulus, from the time of sensory input to behavioral response/output, namely perception, learning and memory central executive functions, cognitive appraisal, and reappraisal. The overall aim of the chapter is to provide a better understanding of cognitive-emotional interactions at the neurocircuit level.

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