ABSTRACT
An antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from lactoferricin B, LfcinB(4–9) (RRWQWR), and lissamine rhodamine B red-labeled peptide [Rh-LfcinB(4–9)] exhibit strong antimicrobial activities, and they can enter Escherichia coli cells without damaging the cell membranes. Thus, these peptides are cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-type AMPs. In this study, to elucidate the effect of the membrane potential (Δφ) on the action of the CPP-type AMP Rh-LfcinB(4–9), we investigated the interactions of Rh-LfcinB(4–9) with single E. coli cells and spheroplasts containing calcein in the cytosol using confocal laser scanning microscopy. At low peptide concentrations, Rh-LfcinB(4–9) entered the cytosol of single E. coli cells and spheroplasts without damaging the cell membranes, and the H+ ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) suppressed its entry. Studies using the time-kill method indicate that these low concentrations of peptide exhibit antimicrobial activity, but CCCP inhibits this activity. Next, we investigated the effect of Δφ on the interaction of Rh-LfcinB(4–9) with single giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) comprising E. coli polar lipid extracts and containing a fluorescent probe, Alexa Fluor 647 hydrazide. At low concentrations (0.2 to 0.5 μM), Rh-LfcinB(4–9) showed significant entry into the single GUV lumen without pore formation in the presence of Δφ. The fraction of entry of the peptide increased with increasing negative membrane potential, indicating that the rate of peptide entry into the GUV lumen increased with increasing negative membrane potential. These results indicate that Δφ enhances the entry of Rh-LfcinB(4–9) into single E. coli cells, spheroplasts, and GUVs and its antimicrobial activity.
IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells have a membrane potential (Δφ), but the effect of Δφ on the action of cell-penetrating peptide-type antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is not clear. Here, we investigated the effect of Δφ on the action of a fluorescent probe-labeled AMP derived from lactoferricin B, Rh-LfcinB(4–9). At low peptide concentrations, Rh-LfcinB(4–9) enters the cytosol of Escherichia coli cells and spheroplasts without damaging their cell membrane, but a protonophore suppresses this entry and its antimicrobial activity. The rate of entry of Rh-LfcinB(4–9) into the giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) comprising E. coli lipids without pore formation increases with increasing Δφ. These results indicate that Δφ enhances the antimicrobial activity of Rh-LfcinB(4–9) and, hence, LfcinB(4–9) by increasing the rate of their entry into the cytosol.
Free Energy of Translocating an Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide across a Lipid Bilayer Suggests Pore Formation