Transverse isotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI) is the simplest azimuthally anisotropic model used to describe fractured reservoirs that contain parallel vertical cracks. Here, I present an exact equation for normal‐moveout (NMO) velocities from horizontal reflectors valid for pure modes in HTI media with any strength of anisotropy. The azimuthally dependent P‐wave NMO velocity, which can be obtained from 3-D surveys, is controlled by the principal direction of the anisotropy (crack orientation), the P‐wave vertical velocity, and an effective anisotropic parameter equivalent to Thomsen's coefficient δ. An important parameter of fracture systems that can be constrained by seismic data is the crack density, which is usually estimated through the shear‐wave splitting coefficient γ. The formalism developed here makes it possible to obtain the shear‐wave splitting parameter using the NMO velocities of P and shear waves from horizontal reflectors. Furthermore, γ can be estimated just from the P‐wave NMO velocity in the special case of the vanishing parameter ε, corresponding to thin cracks and negligible equant porosity. Also, P‐wave moveout alone is sufficient to constrain γ if either dipping events are available or the velocity in the symmetry direction is known. Determination of the splitting parameter from P‐wave data requires, however, an estimate of the ratio of the P‐to‐S vertical velocities (either of the split shear waves can be used). Velocities and polarizations in the vertical symmetry plane of HTI media, that contains the symmetry axis, are described by the known equations for vertical transverse isotropy (VTI). Time‐related 2-D P‐wave processing (NMO, DMO, time migration) in this plane is governed by the same two parameters (the NMO velocity from a horizontal reflector and coefficient ε) as in media with a vertical symmetry axis. The analogy between vertical and horizontal transverse isotropy makes it possible to introduce Thomsen parameters of the “equivalent” VTI model, which not only control the azimuthally dependent NMO velocity, but also can be used to reconstruct phase velocity and carry out seismic processing in off‐symmetry planes.
Automation of shear-wave splitting parameter determination of local earthquakes at Yellowstone : application as indicator of crustal stress and temporal variation