Optimization of Bioinspired Surfaces with Enhanced Water Transportation Capacity

Agricultural and other shippers are concerned about the sufficiency in rural areas of transportation capacity, the sufficiency of competition in the transportation system, the reliability of transportation services, and the reasonableness of rates. This paper examines the sufficiency of rail freight competition and the effects of intramodal competition on rail rates. The paper begins with a review of the importance of rail transportation for U.S. agricultural producers. Specific attention is paid to the nature of competition faced by railroads, especially since deregulation, using the analytical tool of inverse Herfindahl-Hirschman Indices (HHI), by USDA Crop Reporting Districts (CRD). As shown by the inverse HHIs, the overall level of rail competition for grains and oilseeds has generally decreased since the 1985-1992 period, even though rail competition has increased for some CRDs. In addition, revenue to variable cost ratios (R/VC) increased in most of the CRDs analyzed, and the analysis found them related to the number of railroads competing in the CRD. Competition is then analyzed relative to the revenue per ton, revenue per ton-mile, and the revenue to variable cost ratios (R/VC) associated with the level of competition for six states with the least rail-to-rail competition, and distant from water transportation, with those for four states having more rail-to-rail competition and close proximity to water transportation.

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Research on Measures for Development of Nanjing Rail-water Intermodal Transportation based on Development of Hub Economy

BCP Business & Management ◽

10.54691/bcpbm.v13i.49 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 13-18

Author(s):

Li Zhang

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Development Planning ◽

Intermodal Transportation ◽

Special Significance ◽

Management Level ◽

Cluster Development ◽

Water Transportation ◽

Transportation Capacity ◽

Cargo Transportation ◽

Operation And Management

At present, the proportion of railroad and waterway cargo transportation in China’s cargo transportation system is growing year by year, and Rail-water intermodal transportation is highly efficient and less polluting, which is very suitable for the current economic development, and its development has inestimable potential. Facing the growing demand for transportation, it is of special significance to improve the transportation capacity and management level of Rail-water transportation in China. This paper first analyzes the development foundation and environment of Nanjing port, then takes Longtan port as an example and proposes the main measures such as improving Nanjing’s Rail-water transportation infrastructure construction, integrating railroad resources, reforming operation and management, and formulating port cluster development planning.

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The Evolution of a Nation

10.23943/princeton/9780691136042.001.0001 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Daniel Berkowitz ◽

Karen B. Clay

Keyword(s):

Political Competition ◽

Common Law ◽

Civil Law ◽

Legal Institutions ◽

Colonial History ◽

Legal Systems ◽

Water Transportation ◽

Long Run ◽

Access To Water ◽

Late Twentieth

Although political and legal institutions are essential to any nation's economic development, the forces that have shaped these institutions are poorly understood. Drawing on rich evidence about the development of the American states from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth century, this book documents the mechanisms through which geographical and historical conditions—such as climate, access to water transportation, and early legal systems—impacted political and judicial institutions and economic growth. The book shows how a state's geography and climate influenced whether elites based their wealth in agriculture or trade. States with more occupationally diverse elites in 1860 had greater levels of political competition in their legislature from 1866 to 2000. The book also examines the effects of early legal systems. Because of their colonial history, thirteen states had an operational civil-law legal system prior to statehood. All of these states except Louisiana would later adopt common law. By the late eighteenth century, the two legal systems differed in their balances of power. In civil-law systems, judiciaries were subordinate to legislatures, whereas in common-law systems, the two were more equal. Former civil-law states and common-law states exhibit persistent differences in the structure of their courts, the retention of judges, and judicial budgets. Moreover, changes in court structures, retention procedures, and budgets occur under very different conditions in civil-law and common-law states. This book illustrates how initial geographical and historical conditions can determine the evolution of political and legal institutions and long-run growth.

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