Determination of PM10 and its ion composition emitted from biomass burning in the chamber for estimation of open burning emissions

Airway surface liquid (ASL) contains substances important in mucociliary clearance and airway defense. Little is known about substance concentrations in ASL because of its small volume and sampling difficulties. We used in vivo microdialysis (IVMD) to sample liquid lining the nasal cavity without net volume removal and incorporated into IVMD a potential difference (PD) electrode to assess airway integrity. The cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse nasal epithelia exhibit ion transport defects identical to those in CF human airways and, thus, are a good model for CF disease. We determined that nasal liquid [Na+] (107 ± 4 mM normal; 111 ± 9 mM CF) and [Cl−] (120 ± 6 mM normal; 122 ± 4 mM CF) did not differ between genotypes. The nasal liquid [K+] (8.7 ± 0.4 mM) was significantly less in normal than in CF mice (16.6 ± 4 mM). IVMD accurately samples nasal liquid for ionic composition. The ionic composition of nasal liquid in the normal and CF mice is similar.

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Quantitative determination of the biomass-burning contribution to atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in Daejeon, Korea, during the rice-harvest period

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 89 ◽

pp. 642-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Jinsang Jung ◽

Sangil Lee ◽

Hyosun Kim ◽

Doyeon Kim ◽

Hyoeun Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Determination ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols

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DETERMINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION FROM ROCKET ION COMPOSITION RESULTS AT LOW LATITUDES

Low Latitude Aeronomical Processes ◽

10.1016/b978-0-08-024439-6.50019-3 ◽

1980 ◽

pp. 69-72

Author(s):

M.A. Abdu ◽

Inez S. Batista

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Height Distribution ◽

Ion Composition ◽

Low Latitudes

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The determination of highly time-resolved and source-separated black carbon emission rates using radon as a tracer of atmospheric dynamics

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-20-14139-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (22) ◽

pp. 14139-14162

Author(s):

Asta Gregorič ◽

Luka Drinovec ◽

Irena Ježek ◽

Janja Vaupotič ◽

Matevž Lenarčič ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Carbon ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Carbon Concentration ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Black Carbon Concentration ◽

Atmospheric Radon

Abstract. We present a new method for the determination of the source-specific black carbon emission rates. The methodology was applied in two different environments: an urban location in Ljubljana and a rural one in the Vipava valley (Slovenia, Europe), which differ in pollution sources and topography. The atmospheric dynamics was quantified using the atmospheric radon (222Rn) concentration to determine the mixing layer height for periods of thermally driven planetary boundary layer evolution. The black carbon emission rate was determined using an improved box model taking into account boundary layer depth and a horizontal advection term, describing the temporal and spatial exponential decay of black carbon concentration. The rural Vipava valley is impacted by a significantly higher contribution to black carbon concentration from biomass burning during winter (60 %) in comparison to Ljubljana (27 %). Daily averaged black carbon emission rates in Ljubljana were 210 ± 110 and 260 ± 110 µgm-2h-1 in spring and winter, respectively. Overall black carbon emission rates in Vipava valley were only slightly lower compared to Ljubljana: 150 ± 60 and 250 ± 160 µgm-2h-1 in spring and winter, respectively. Different daily dynamics of biomass burning and traffic emissions was responsible for slightly higher contribution of biomass burning to measured black carbon concentration, compared to the fraction of its emission rate. Coupling the high-time-resolution measurements of black carbon concentration with atmospheric radon concentration measurements can provide a useful tool for direct, highly time-resolved measurements of the intensity of emission sources. Source-specific emission rates can be used to assess the efficiency of pollution mitigation measures over longer time periods, thereby avoiding the influence of variable meteorology.

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Atmospheric Monitoring of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀₋₂.₅, PM₁₀, Arsenic and Carbonaceous Aerosol at Wainuiomata

10.26686/wgtn.17014226.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Chandar Singh

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Ion Beam ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Guideline Value ◽

Treated Timber ◽

Gf Aas

<p>Air pollution is harming our health and that of our children and parents. Air pollution causes many harmful effects, ranging from premature death, to headaches, coughing and asthma attacks. Previous studies (2008-2009) of particulate matter at Wainuiomata, Lower Hutt showed that biomass burning was primarily responsible for peak PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations and exceedances of the National Environmental Standard (NES) and the New Zealand Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (NZAAQG). Arsenic was also found to be associated with biomass burning sources during winter at Wainuiomata. The source of arsenic was considered to be due to the use of copper chromium arsenate (CCA) treated timber as solid fuel for fires for domestic heating. While particulate matter pollution from domestic fires itself presents a health risk for the exposed population, the addition of arsenic to the mix enhances the potential risk. The use of CCA treated timber was unlikely to be used on a regular basis hence the peak arsenic concentrations did not always coincide with peak contributions from domestic fires and that the use of CCA – treated timber is more intermittent and opportunistic. This work compared several different analytical methodologies for the determination of arsenic in air particulate matter. The primary purpose was to use a standard analytical method as recommended by the NZAAQ guidelines and compare those results with the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) methods used to determine arsenic concentrations in previous studies. Through this collaborative research with GNS Science and GWRC, it was found that annual PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ averages were well within the NZAAQG values of; 20 μg m⁻³ and 10 μg m⁻³ respectively. There was a much correlated seasonal and temporal variations observed for black carbon (BC), PM₂.₅ and arsenic concentrations. The overall concentrations of BC, PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ have decreased significantly in the Wainuiomata airshed compared to previous studies as reported in 2009 with fewer exceedances of the NES and NZAAQG on a 24 hour daily average. The overall weighted mean arsenic concentration as measured by GF-AAS was 6.3 ± 0.8 ng m⁻³ and that measured by XRF and IBA was 3.8 ± 2.0 ng m⁻³ and 3.1 ± 5.9 ng m⁻³ respectively. The XRF and IBA arsenic concentrations were consistently lower than that of GF-AAS. The two annual arsenic averages (GF-AAS) were 6.5 ± 0.9 ng m⁻³ and 5.9 ± 0.7 ng m⁻³ respectively, for the entire sampling period. In both the cases the NZAAQG value of 5.5 ng m⁻³ were exceeded. The exceedance in the second year of sampling was not statistically significant as the guideline value 5.5 ngm⁻³ falls within the given uncertainty of the measured annual averages for arsenic. However, it is definitely an area of concern as the overall arsenic concentrations during winter periods was 12.2 ± 1.0 ng m⁻³. Moreover, burning CCA treated timber is effectively banned through regional plan rules and the problem presents itself as one of enforcement and/or public education. The inter-method comparison showed that IBA technique can be used for “screening” purposes due to high limit of detection (LOD) and analytical noise. While XRF can still be used interchangeably with GF-AAS but with Teflon or thinner filter membrane, for long term environmental monitoring of arsenic and other elemental compositions. Given the excellent recoveries of 99.2 ± 0.8% for duplicate spiked analysis and 102.7 ± 0.9% for lab blank filters spiked analysis, at 95% confidence intervals, GF-AAS method is highly reproducible and should be used in the determination of arsenic in ambient air for the purpose of comparing with the NZAAQG values.</p>

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To the Question of Evaluation of the Anode Voltage Drop

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.519 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 519-522

Author(s):

A.M. Osipov ◽

Yu.V. Bezgans

Keyword(s):

Experimental Determination ◽

Anode Voltage ◽

Steel Plate ◽

Voltage Drop ◽

Wire Electrode ◽

Open Burning ◽

The Wire

The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the drop of anode voltage while the open burning arc between the steel plate (cathode) and the wire electrode CuSi3Mn1. Experiments were performed to determine the temperature of metal of electrode droplets at manual and mechanized deposit welding. The results of experimental determination of heat contents and temperature of metal of electrode droplets are represented on the chart.

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Primary emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from laboratory measurements of open biomass burning

10.5194/acp-2018-521 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kyle J. Zarzana ◽

Vanessa Selimovic ◽

Abigail R. Koss ◽

Kanako Sekimoto ◽

Matthew M. Coggon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Burning ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Laboratory Measurements ◽

Open Burning ◽

Average Value ◽

Molar Basis ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Primary Emissions ◽

Value Changes ◽

Emission Ratios

Abstract. We report the emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from the open burning of biomass during the NOAA-led 2016 FIREX intensive at the Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT. Both compounds were measured using cavity enhanced spectroscopy, which is both more sensitive and more selective than methods previously used to determine emissions of these two compounds. A total of 75 burns were conducted, using 33 different fuels in 8 different categories, providing a far more comprehensive dataset for emissions than was previously available. Measurements of methylglyoxal using our instrument suffer from spectral interferences from several other species, but methylglyoxal emissions could be constrained within roughly a factor of 2. Methylglyoxal emissions were 2–3 times higher than glyoxal emissions on a molar basis, in contrast to previous studies that report methylglyoxal emissions lower than glyoxal emissions. Methylglyoxal emission ratios for all fuels averaged 3.6 ± 2.4 ppbv methylglyoxal/ppmv CO, while emission factors averaged 0.66 ± 0.50 g methylglyoxal/kg fuel burned. Primary emissions of glyoxal from biomass burning were much lower than previous laboratory measurements, but consistent with recent measurements from aircraft. Glyoxal emission ratios for all fuels averaged 1.4 ± 0.7 ppbv glyoxal/ppmv CO, while emission factors averaged 0.20 ± 0.12 g glyoxal/kg fuel burned, values that are at least a factor of 4 lower than assumed in previous estimates of the global glyoxal budget. While there was significant variability in the glyoxal emission ratios and factors between the different fuel groups, glyoxal and formaldehyde were highly correlated during the course of any given fire, and the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde, RGF, was consistent across many different fuel types, with an average value of 0.068 ± 0.018. While RGF values for fresh emissions were consistent across many fuel types, further work is required to determine how this value changes as the emissions age.

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