Behaviour of protein (BSA)-lipid (DMPA) mixed monolayer on the spreading order of the individual component

2019 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 104810
Author(s):  
Bijay K. Sah ◽  
Sarathi Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Component ◽  
Mixed Monolayer ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals The Composition of Cigarette Smoke. An Historical Perspective of Several Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rodgman ◽  
LC Cook
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

AbstractBecause of the significant advancements in fractionation, analytical, and characterization technologies since the early 1960s, hundreds of components of complex mixtures have been accurately characterized without the necessity of actually isolating the individual component. This has been particularly true in the case of the complex mixtures tobacco and tobacco smoke. Herein, an historical account of a mid-1950 situation concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke is presented. While the number of PAHs identified in tobacco smoke has escalated from the initial PAH, azulene, identified in 1947 to almost 100 PAHs identified by late 1963 to more than 500 PAHs identified by the late 1970s, the number of PAHs isolated individually and characterized by several of the so-called classical chemical means (melting point, mixture melting point, derivative preparation and properties) in the mid-1950s and since is relatively few, 14 in all. They were among 44 PAHs identified in cigarette mainstream smoke and included the following PAHs ranging from bicyclic to pentacyclic: Acenaphthylene, 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, fluoranthene, 9H-fluorene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. One of them, benzo[a]pyrene, was similarly characterized in another study in 1959 by Hoffmann.

The Impact of Varying Feature Dimensions on Substrate Reliability Risks

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayleen L. E. Helms ◽  
Qing A. Zhou ◽  
Charles Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Component ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Local Geometry ◽  
Thermomechanical Loading ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Linear Material ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

A sensitivity study is undertaken to characterize the impact of varying feature dimensions in emerging electronic packaging technologies. Specifically, the overall structural performance of the substrate under use conditions (thermal and combined thermomechanical loading) is investigated. The study consists of both modeling and experimental efforts. Modeling approaches are employed within the framework of a finite element code to simulate performance of different design geometry combinations in the known failure mode of solder resist layer cracking. In the models, two levels of complexity are used to better identify the impact of the individual features on the overall substrate reliability. First, local geometry is captured by including each substrate layer. Individual component geometries like microvias and PTHS are also explicitly modeled to capture synergistic failures modes. Second, more realistic non-linear material properties are used to characterize time, temperature, and rate-dependant constitutive behavior of individual substrate materials such as buildup, core, metal, etc. In the experiments, substrate warpage and reliability data is collected for validating the predictive modeling capability. From this study, directions for future design guidelines varying feature dimensions while maintaining substrate reliability are proposed.

Modeling Disruption Risk in Supply Chain Risk Management

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragip Ufuk Bilsel ◽  
A. Ravi Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Disruption Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disruption Risks ◽  
Analytical Frameworks

Disruptions have often been ignored in supply chain models due to their infrequency; however, there is evidence that disruptions are among the most significant threats to supply chains. This paper presents analytical methods to model and quantify disruption risks. The methods consist of breaking disruption risks down into four components: impact, occurrence, detectability and recovery. Analytical frameworks to quantify each individual component is provided. Methods to combine the individual components of risk are discussed and illustrated with numerical examples.

Coincident probabilities and applications in combinatorics

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (A) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Karlin
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Combinatorial Problems ◽  
Particle Systems ◽  
Determinant Formula ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multiple Particle ◽  
Inhomogeneous Random Walks ◽  
Strong Markov

For a strong Markov process on the line with continuous paths the Karlin–McGregor determinant formula of coincidence probabilities for multiple particle systems is extended to allow the individual component processes to start at variable times and run for variable durations. The extended formula is applied to a variety of combinatorial problems including counts of non-crossing paths in the plane with variable start and end points, dominance orderings, numbers of dominated majorization orderings, and time-inhomogeneous random walks.

scholarly journals Invariance in ecological pattern

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Frank ◽  
Jordi Bascompte
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Simple Derivation ◽  
Shape Pattern ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
General Answer ◽  
The Individual

Background: The abundance of different species in a community often follows the log series distribution. Other ecological patterns also have simple forms. Why does the complexity and variability of ecological systems reduce to such simplicity? Common answers include maximum entropy, neutrality, and convergent outcome from different underlying biological processes.  Methods: This article proposes a more general answer based on the concept of invariance, the property by which a pattern remains the same after transformation. Invariance has a long tradition in physics. For example, general relativity emphasizes the need for the equations describing the laws of physics to have the same form in all frames of reference.  Results: By bringing this unifying invariance approach into ecology, we show that the log series pattern dominates when the consequences of processes acting on abundance are invariant to the addition or multiplication of abundance by a constant. The lognormal pattern dominates when the processes acting on net species growth rate obey rotational invariance (symmetry) with respect to the summing up of the individual component processes. Conclusions: Recognizing how these invariances connect pattern to process leads to a synthesis of previous approaches. First, invariance provides a simpler and more fundamental maximum entropy derivation of the log series distribution. Second, invariance provides a simple derivation of the key result from neutral theory: the log series at the metacommunity scale and a clearer form of the skewed lognormal at the local community scale. The invariance expressions are easy to understand because they uniquely describe the basic underlying components that shape pattern.

scholarly journals A Probabilistic Design Reuse Index for Engineering Designs

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokula Vasantha ◽  
Jonathan Corney ◽  
Struan Stuart ◽  
Andrew Sherlock ◽  
John Quigley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Component ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Product Variety ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Probabilistic Measure ◽  
Customer Expectations ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Many companies offer a range of related products that are constructed using similar components and processes. This enables them to meet customer expectations of product variety while minimizing the overheads (e.g., development and manufacturing costs). To support the management of product variety several indices have been proposed in the literature that measure the degree to which component use is standardized across products within the same product family. However, the derivation of some of these statistics can be laborious to calculate due to the effort required to assemble the necessary information. In this paper, we develop an index more suited to the automated data-mining of a company’s product portfolio, which is derived from the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The new measure provides an easily computed probabilistic measure that can be used to characterize the degree of component reuse within a single product, across a family of products, and at the individual component family level. To illustrate their applications, the indices and several existing measures are calculated for two contrasting product types; using the non-differentiating components of two flat-pack furniture ranges and the components of a range of bicycles.

Virtual powertrain development

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (14) ◽  
pp. 3288-3301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fietkau ◽  
Bruno Kistner ◽  
Jérôme Munier
Keyword(s):  
Electric Motor ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Load Spectra ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Individual

This article presents the new system of virtual powertrain development introduced at Porsche AG that incorporates all phases of the development process, as well as all components and simulation disciplines. The system enables a powertrain in its entirety to be designed and tested virtually. Most activities can be planned and budgeted at the beginning of the project, and interactions that occur are systematically taken into consideration. The hardware-driven development process used until now is completely transmitted to the digital world. Powertrain development is divided into thirteen digital powertrain systems (DPSs), which contain different components and disciplines and are developed throughout the entire product development process. For each DPS, tasks, links, time schedules, reporting scopes, and responsibilities are precisely defined. Finally, a digital vehicle prototype is built from several DPSs. The results are aggregated in several stages, ensuring that core statements are consistently incorporated at all assessment levels, from the individual component to the overall vehicle. Furthermore, this article discusses in detail DPSs that are especially important for battery electric vehicles. For most of the examples, the powertrain of the Porsche Taycan is used. The Driving Performance and Load Spectra DPS provide the necessary design parameters for a new drive system. In the Electric Motor DPS, active parts of the electric motor are designed and all structural components are verified. In the Transmission DPS, all gear set parts are designed and verified. In the Cooling, Lubrication and Actuation DPS, all temperatures are calculated and the lubrication circuit is designed. The Powertrain Dynamics DPS provides information on powertrain vibrations. The article closes with a look at future development trends. The aim is not just to design and verify components but also to completely virtualize function and software development. Therefore, this article presents a system for creating and using a virtual development environment and tracking the results.

Matching of Turbocomponents Described by the Example of Impeller and Diffuser in a Centrifugal Compressor: Part I—Aerothermodynamic Coupling of Impeller and Diffuser. Part II—Optimized Stage Efficiency of a Centrifugal Compressor

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bammert ◽  
M. Rautenberg ◽  
W. Wittekindt
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Mathematical Optimization ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Coupling Equation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stage Efficiency

An important task in the design of turbo machinery is the determination of the aerothermodynamic parameters necessary to assure optimum matching of the individual compressor components. With centrifugal compressors, the problem is to design impeller and diffuser such that a maximum overall efficiency is achieved for the desired design point. For this purpose, a mathematical model is developed coupling the individual component efficiencies. In the first part of this paper, the aerothermodynamic bases are derived and the coupling equation is illustrated. In the second part, a solution is displayed for the complex problem of matching the impeller and the vaneless diffuser of a centrifugal compressor. The solution is obtained by means of a stochastic-mathematical optimization procedure based on the biological evolution strategy.

A critical comparison of spectroscopic and evolutionary masses for O-type binary systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
Laura R. Penny ◽  
Douglas R. Gies ◽  
William G. Bagnuolo ◽  
John H. Wise ◽  
Artemio Herrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Iterative Scheme ◽  
Doppler Tomography ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
The Individual

We have embarked on a program to directly compare spectroscopic and evolutionary masses with those obtained from a combination of spectroscopic and photometric orbital solutions for O-type binary systems. The ability to directly determine the spectroscopic masses of the individual components of O-type binary systems has been difficult, because of the severe line blending that is present in these systems. Doppler tomography is an iterative scheme, that uses an ensemble of spectra to reconstruct the individual component spectra. These individual spectra can then be analyzed.

The IRIS General Plant Arrangement

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robertson ◽  
J. Love ◽  
R. Morgan ◽  
L. E. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Individual Component ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Steam Generators ◽  
The Us ◽  
Loss Of Coolant ◽  
Coolant Loop ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Integral Reactor ◽  
Coolant System

IRIS (International Reactor Innovative and Secure) is a light water cooled, 335 MWe power reactor which is being designed by an international consortium as part of the US DOE NERI Program. IRIS features an integral reactor vessel that contains all the major reactor coolant system components including the reactor core, the coolant pumps, the steam generators and the pressurizer. This integral design approach eliminates the large coolant loop piping, and thus eliminates large loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs) as well as the individual component pressure vessels and supports. In addition, IRIS is being designed with a long life core and enhanced safety to address the requirements defined by the US DOE for Generation IV reactors. Bechtel, with Westinghouse consultation, has performed a layout study of the IRIS plant and this paper will discuss the results of this design effort.

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