A review on the mechanical quality of articular cartilage – Implications for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis

AbstractThe second generation HTS wires have been used in many superconducting components of electrical engineering after they were fabricated. New challenge what we face to is how the damages occur in such wires with multi-layer structure under both mechanical and extreme environment, which also dominates their quality. In this work, a macroscale technique combined a real-time magneto-optical imaging with a cryogenic uniaxial-tensile loading system was established to investigate the damage behavior accompanied with magnetic flux evolution. Under a low speed of tensile strain, it was found that the local magnetic flux moves gradually to form intermittent multi-stack spindle penetrations, which corresponds to the cracks initiated from substrate and extend along both tape thickness and width directions, where the amorphous phases at the tip of cracks were also observed. The obtained results reveal the mechanism of damage formation and provide a potential orientation for improving mechanical quality of these wires.

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Adipose Derived-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Viability and Differentiating Features for Orthopaedic Reparative Applications: Banking of Adipose Tissue

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/4968724 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Ilaria Roato ◽

Daniela Alotto ◽

Dimas Carolina Belisario ◽

Stefania Casarin ◽

Mara Fumagalli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Tissue Banking ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Single Infusion ◽

Knee Arthritis ◽

Symptomatic Knee

Osteoarthritis is characterized by loss of articular cartilage also due to reduced chondrogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from patients. Adipose tissue is an attractive source of MSCs (ATD-MSCs), representing an effective tool for reparative medicine, particularly for treatment of osteoarthritis, due to their chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capability. The treatment of symptomatic knee arthritis with ATD-MSCs proved effective with a single infusion, but multiple infusions could be also more efficacious. Here we studied some crucial aspects of adipose tissue banking procedures, evaluating ATD-MSCs viability, and differentiation capability after cryopreservation, to guarantee the quality of the tissue for multiple infusions. We reported that the presence of local anesthetic during lipoaspiration negatively affects cell viability of cryopreserved adipose tissue and cell growth of ATD-MSCs in culture. We observed that DMSO guarantees a faster growth of ATD-MSCs in culture than trehalose. At last, ATD-MSCs derived from fresh and cryopreserved samples at −80°C and −196°C showed viability and differentiation ability comparable to fresh samples. These data indicate that cryopreservation of adipose tissue at −80°C and −196°C is equivalent and preserves the content of ATD-MSCs in Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF), guaranteeing the differentiation ability of ATD-MSCs.

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Mechanical quality of tissue engineered cartilage: Results after 6 and 12 weeksin vivo

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research ◽

10.1002/1097-4636(2000)53:6<673::aid-jbm9>3.0.co;2-v ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 673-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Georg N. Duda ◽

Andreas Haisch ◽

Michaela Endres ◽

Christian Gebert ◽

Daniel Schroeder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Quality ◽

Engineered Cartilage

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Lubricin Structural and Functional Characteristics, Its Participation in Maintaining Articular Cartilage Tribological Parameters

10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2020.1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

Tatyana Lyzo ◽

Pavel Krylov

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Human Life ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Main Function ◽

Functional Features ◽

Surface Active ◽

Main Components ◽

Joint Prostheses ◽

Tribological Parameters

Articular cartilage is constantly exposed to high loads. Wearing out of joints due to aging, as well as their poor functioning, is a common problem leading to a significant decline in the quality of human life. Lubricin is one of the main components of the biological lubrication system, it is a surface-active mucinous glycoprotein, which plays an important role in cartilage integrity. Its main function is to protect the cartilage surfaces from excessive friction – a necessary condition for maintaining the health of mammal joints. Moreover, lubricin has growth-regulating properties, it participates in the maturation of the subchondral bone and prevents cell adhesion. Although the molecule of lubricin was discovered almost half a century ago, there is still not much data available. The molecule has a great potential in medical applications. Studying lubricin can help solve problems caused by joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis. This review presents up-to-date information about structural and functional features of lubricin, its role in maintaining the integrity of articular cartilage, which can serve as a basis for the development of chondroprotectors or as a material to improve existing joint prostheses.

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The quality of healing: Articular cartilage

Wound Repair and Regeneration ◽

10.1111/wrr.12166 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 30-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Andreas H. Gomoll ◽

Tom Minas

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage

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A comparison of the effects of joint immobilisation, twice-daily passive motion, and voluntary motion on articular cartilage healing in sheep

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632709 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. 23-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. Frame ◽

H. M. Burbidge ◽

K. Thompson ◽

E. C. Firth ◽

W. J. Bruce

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Cartilage Repair ◽

Articular Cartilage Repair ◽

Cartilage Healing ◽

Joint Range Of Motion ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Voluntary Motion ◽

Joint Range

SummaryIn this study, articulated transarticular external skeletal fixators were used to examine the effects of joint immobilisation, twice-daily passive range-of-motion exercises, and voluntary motion on articular cartilage healing and other joint parameters. Abaxial articular cartilage lesions demonstrated superior cartilage healing to axial lesions. Twice-daily passive range of motion exercises failed to improve the quality of articular cartilage repair when compared with joint immobilisation. Voluntary motion resulted in superior articular cartilage repair tissue with maintenance of near normal cartilage architecture, proteoglycan staining, synovial fluid cell counts and specific gravity, and joint range-of-motion.

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Microfracture Versus Drilling of Articular Cartilage Defects: A Systematic Review of the Basic Science Evidence

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120945313 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 232596712094531 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽

Gianna M. Aliberti ◽

Anthony J. Scillia ◽

Eric C. McCarty ◽

Mary K. Mulcahey

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cartilage Repair ◽

Basic Science ◽

Science Studies ◽

Cartilage Regeneration ◽

Cartilage Defects ◽

Repair Tissue ◽

Marrow Stimulation

Background: Microfracture (MFx) is one of the most common techniques used for the treatment of articular cartilage defects, although recently there has been a trend toward the use of drilling rather than MFx for the treatment of these defects. Purpose: To perform a systematic review of basic science studies to determine the effect of microfracture versus drilling for articular cartilage repair. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to identify basic science studies comparing outcomes of MFx versus drilling. The search phrase used was microfracture AND (drilling OR microdrilling). Inclusion criteria were basic science studies that directly compared the effect of MFx versus drilling on subchondral bone, bone marrow stimulation, and cartilage regeneration. Results: A total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Of these, 4 studies were performed in rabbits, 1 study in sheep, and 2 studies in humans. All of the included studies investigated cartilage repair in the knee. In the animal studies, microfracture produced fractured and compacted bone and led to increased osteocyte necrosis compared with drilling. Deep drilling (6 mm) was superior to both shallow drilling (2 mm) and MFx in terms of increased subchondral hematoma with greater access to marrow stroma, improved cartilage repair, and increased mineralized bone. However, the overall quality of cartilage repair tissue was poor regardless of marrow stimulation technique. In 2 studies that investigated repair tissue after MFx and/or drilling in human patients with osteoarthritis and cartilage defects, the investigators found that cartilage repair tissue did not achieve the quality of normal hyaline articular cartilage. Conclusion: In the limited basic science studies that are available, deep drilling of cartilage defects in the knee resulted in improved biological features compared with MFx, including less damage to the subchondral bone and greater access to marrow stroma. Regardless of marrow stimulation technique, the overall quality of cartilage regeneration was poor and did not achieve the characteristics of native hyaline cartilage. Overall, there is a general lack of basic science literature comparing microfracture versus drilling for focal chondral defects.

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Effect of Laser Acupuncture on Disuse Osteoarthritis: An Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Study of Patellar Articular Cartilage in Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/838420 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qing Wang ◽

Xia Guo ◽

Mu-Qing Liu ◽

Xiao-Yun Wang ◽

Yong-Ping Zheng

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Ultrasound Biomicroscopy ◽

Cartilage Thickness ◽

Laser Acupuncture ◽

Control Group ◽

Backscatter Coefficient ◽

Sham Treatment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Roughness Index

To investigate the effect of laser acupuncture (LA) on disuse changes in articular cartilage using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), Eighteen rats were randomly divided into the control group (C), the tail-suspended group (T), and the tail-suspended with LA treatment group (L). During 28-day suspension period, group L were treated with LA at acupoints on the left hindlimb while group T had a sham treatment. Ultrasound roughness index (URI), integrated reflection coefficient (IRC), integrated backscatter coefficient (IBC), cartilage thickness, and ultrasonographic score (US) of articular cartilage at patella were measured by using an ultrasound biomicroscopy system (UBS). Compared with the group C, URI significantly (P<0.01) increased by 60.9% in group T, increased by 38.1% in group L. In addition, unloading induced a significant cartilage thinning (P<0.05) in group T, whereas cartilage thickness in group L was140.22±19.61 μm reaching the level of the control group (147.00±23.99 μm). There was no significant difference in IRC, IBC, and US among the three groups. LA therapy could help to retain the quality of articular cartilage which was subjected to unloading. LA would be a simple and safe nonpharmacological countermeasure for unloading-induced osteoarthritis. The UBM system has potential to be a sensitive, specific tool for quantitative assessment of articular cartilage.

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The mechanical ‘quality’ of osteophytes

Injury ◽

10.1016/s0020-1383(97)00122-8 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 31-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Olusola O.A. Oni ◽

Colin J. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Quality

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Effect of Temperature and Cooling Rate on the Microstructures of 35MnB and 25Mn Tubes during Heat Treatment

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.196 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 866 ◽

pp. 196-200

Author(s):

Sun Ho Jung ◽

S. Lee ◽

J. Lee

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Cooling Rate ◽

Process Condition ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Optimal Process ◽

Steel Tubes ◽

Band Structures ◽

Mechanical Quality

Band structures with pearlite and ferrite aligned as stripes can be created during the heat treatment of carbon steel. Since band structures undermine the mechanical quality of end products, it is highly important to select a process condition that will not create band structures as a result of heat treatment. This study verified the effect of temperature and cooling rate on the creation of band structures during heat treatment of 35MnB and 25Mn steel tubes for drive shafts and also considered the optimal process conditions to remove band structures or prevent their creation. The experimental results suggest that, during heat treatment of 35MnB and 25Mn steel tubes, it is most effective to ensure a cooling rate faster than furnace cooling in order to prevent band structures.

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