Electromyographic activity of erector spinae and external oblique muscles during trunk lateral bending and axial rotation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy subjects

Context:Dynamic balance is a measure of core stability. Deficits in the dynamic balance have been related to injuries in the athletic populations. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is suggested to measure and improve dynamic balance when used as a rehabilitative tool.Objective:To determine the electromyographic activity of the hip and the trunk muscles during the SEBT.Design:Descriptive.Setting:University campus.Participants:Twenty-two healthy adults (11 males and 11 females; 23.3 [3.8] y, 170.3 [7.6] cm, 67.8 [10.3] kg, and 15.1% [5.0%] body fat).Intervention:Surface electromyographic data were collected on 22 healthy adults of the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis bilaterally, and gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscle of the stance leg. A 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the interaction between the percentage maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) and the reach directions. The %MVIC for each muscle was compared across the 8 reach directions using the Sidak post hoc test withαat .05.Main Outcome Measures:%MVIC.Results:Significant differences were observed for all the 8 muscles. Highest electromyographic activity was found for the tested muscles in the following reach directions—ipsilateral external oblique (44.5% [38.4%]): anterolateral; contralateral external oblique (52.3% [40.8%]): medial; ipsilateral rectus abdominis (8% [6.6%]): anterior; contralateral rectus abdominis (8% [5.3%]): anteromedial; ipsilateral erector spinae (46.4% [20.2%]): posterolateral; contralateral erector spinae (33.5% [11.3%]): posteromedial; gluteus maximus (27.4% [11.7%]): posterior; and gluteus medius (54.6% [26.1%]): medial direction.Conclusions:Trunk and hip muscle activation was direction dependent during the SEBT. This information can be used during rehabilitation of the hip and the trunk muscles.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRY: A PROPOSAL OF OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHEST WALL IN ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

Revista Paulista de Pediatria ◽

10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;2;00001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 225-233

Author(s):

Anderson Sales Alexandre ◽

Evandro Fornias Sperandio ◽

Liu Chiao Yi ◽

Josy Davidson ◽

Patrícia Rios Poletto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Lung Function ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Cobb Angle ◽

Chest Wall ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Spine Deformity ◽

Xiphoid Process ◽

Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the chest wall shape in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in comparison to healthy subjects and the association between the chest wall shape with the spine deformity and lung function in patients with AIS. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 30 AIS patients and 20 healthy subjects aged 11-18 years old. The Cobb angle evaluation was performed in AIS patients. The chest wall shape was assessed by the photogrammetry method, using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS). We created thoracic markers shaped as angles (A) and distances (D), as follows: A2 (right acromion/xiphoid/left acromion), A4L (angle formed between the outer point of the smallest waist circumference and its upper and lower edges on the left side), A7 (angle formed by the intersection of the tangent segments of the upper and lower scapulae angles), D1R/D1L [distance between the xiphoid process and the last false rib on the right (R) and left (L) sides], and D3 (distance between xiphoid process and anterior superior iliac spine). Results: The thoracic markers A2 and A7 were significantly higher, while the A4L and D1R/D1L were significantly reduced in the AIS group compared to the control. Moderate correlations were found between: A2 and the main and proximal thoracic Cobb angles (r=0.50, r=0.47, respectively); D1R/D1L and the main thoracic Cobb angle (r=- 0.40); and the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and D3R (r=0.47). Conclusions: The photogrammetry method was able to detect chest wall changes in AIS patients, besides presenting correlation between Cobb angles and lung function.

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Core Muscle Activity during Physical Fitness Exercises: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4306 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José M. Oliva-Lozano ◽

José M. Muyor

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Core Stability ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Transversus Abdominis ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Lumbar Multifidus ◽

External Oblique

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of six core muscles (the rectus abdominis, the internal and external oblique, the transversus abdominis, the lumbar multifidus, and the erector spinae) during core physical fitness exercises in healthy adults. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the Cochrane, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases for studies from January 2012 to March 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) the full text available in English; (b) a cross-sectional or longitudinal (experimental or cohorts) study design; (c) the reporting of electromyographic activity as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVIC), millivolts or microvolts; (d) an analysis of the rectus abdominis (RA), transversus abdominis (TA), lumbar multifidus (MUL), erector spinae (ES), and the internal (IO) or external oblique (EO); (e) an analysis of physical fitness exercises for core training; and (f) healthy adult participants. The main findings indicate that the greatest activity of the RA, EO, and ES muscles was found in free-weight exercises. The greatest IO activity was observed in core stability exercises, while traditional exercises showed the greatest MUL activation. However, a lack of research regarding TA activation during core physical fitness exercises was revealed, in addition to a lack of consistency between the studies when applying methods to measure EMG activity.

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Maximal Axial Vertebral Rotation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Is the Apical Vertebra the Most Rotated?

Global Spine Journal ◽

10.1177/2192568220948830 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 219256822094883

Author(s):

Kristóf József ◽

Ádám Tibor Schlégl ◽

Máté Burkus ◽

István Márkus ◽

Ian O’Sullivan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Cobb Angle ◽

Axial Rotation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vertebral Rotation ◽

Rank Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Apical Vertebra ◽

Axial Vertebral Rotation

Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Objectives: It is generally believed that the apical vertebra has the largest axial rotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. We investigated the relationship between apical axial vertebral rotation (apicalAVR) and maximal axial vertebral rotation (maxAVR) in both major and minor curves using biplanar stereo-imaging. Methods: EOS 2D/3D biplanar radiograph images were collected from 332 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle range 10°-122°, mean age 14.7 years). Based on the X-ray images, with the help of 3D full spine reconstructions Cobb angle, curvature level, apicalAVR and maxAVR were determined. These parameters were also determined for minor curves in Lenke 2, 3, 4, 6 type patients. Maximal thoracic rotation and maximal thoracolumbar/lumbar rotation were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The apical vertebrae were the most rotated vertebra in only 40.4% of the major curves, and 31.7% in minor curves. MaxAVR significantly exceeded apicalAVR values in the major curves ( P < .001) as well as in minor curves ( P < .001). The 2 parameters differed significantly in each severity group and Lenke type. Conclusions: The apical vertebrae were not the most rotated vertebra in more than half of cases investigated indicating that apicalAVR and maxAVR should be considered as 2 distinct parameters, of which maxAVR fully describes the axial dimension of scoliosis. Furthermore, the substitution of maxAVR for the apicalAVR should be especially avoided in double and triple curves, as the apical vertebra was even less commonly the most rotated in minor curves.

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Surgical Correction of Vertebral Axial Rotation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Journal of Spinal Disorders ◽

10.1097/00002517-199606000-00006 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 214???219 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

David D. Aronsson ◽

Ian A. F. Stokes ◽

Peter J. Ronchetti ◽

B. Stephens Richards

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Axial Rotation ◽

Surgical Correction

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Supine Lateral Bending Radiographs Predict the Initial In-brace Correction of the Providence Brace in Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Spine ◽

10.1097/brs.0000000000001519 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (9) ◽

pp. 798-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Søren Ohrt-Nissen ◽

Dennis W. Hallager ◽

Martin Gehrchen ◽

Benny Dahl

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Lateral Bending

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Assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from body scanner image by finite element simulations

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0243736

Author(s):

Alexander T. D. Grünwald ◽

Susmita Roy ◽

Ana Alves-Pinto ◽

Renée Lampe

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Vertebral Column ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Axial Rotation ◽

Patient Specific ◽

X Rays ◽

Spinal Curvatures ◽

Body Scanner

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature and axial rotation around the vertical body axis of the spine, the cause of which is yet unknown. The fast progression entails regular clinical monitoring, including X-rays. Here we present an approach to evaluate scoliosis from the three-dimensional image of a patient’s torso, captured by an ionizing radiation free body scanner, in combination with a model of the ribcage and spine. A skeletal structure of the ribcage and vertebral column was modelled with computer aided designed software and was used as an initial structure for macroscopic finite element method simulations. The basic vertebral column model was created for an adult female in an upright position. The model was then used to simulate the patient specific scoliotic spine configurations. The simulations showed that a lateral translation of a vertebral body results in an effective axial rotation and could reproduce the spinal curvatures. The combined method of three-dimensional body scan and finite element model simulations thus provide quantitative anatomical information about the position, rotation and inclination of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae within a three-dimensional torso. Furthermore, the simulations showed unequal distributions of stress and strain profiles across the intervertebral discs, due to their distortions, which might help to further understand the pathogenesis of scoliosis.

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Surface electromyographic activity of the erector spinae and multifidus during arm and leg ergometer exercises in young healthy men

10.21203/rs.3.rs-744450/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daichi Shima ◽

Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo ◽

Takamasa Hashizaki ◽

Yuta Minoshima ◽

Tatsuya Yoshikawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Response ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Trunk Rotation ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Lateral Bending ◽

Paraspinal Muscles ◽

Ergometer Exercise ◽

Arm Ergometer

Abstract Surface electromyographic activities of the erector spinae and multifidus during graded arm- and leg-ergometer exercise were investigated. Fifteen young healthy male participants performed arm- and leg-ergometer exercises at 50W and 100W for 1 min, while monitoring the electrocardiograms of the paraspinal muscles and heart rate, and the root mean squares of the electromyograms were calculated. Time series of contractions of the paraspinal and extremity muscles during both exercises were assessed (n = 7). Both paraspinal muscle activities increased with increased workload in both exercises similarly (P < 0.01, each). Heart rate increased with increased workload, and the increase was greater for arm-ergometer exercise than for leg-ergometer exercise. Each contraction time of trunk and limb muscles suggested that the paraspinal muscles facilitated trunk rotation and prevented excessive lateral bending of the trunk, respectively. The activities of these paraspinal muscles increased with increased workload similarly in both exercises, although heart rate response was different between them.

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Intensive Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver After Unipedal Postural Stability in Nonathletes With Core Instability

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.91 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 147-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nam G. Lee ◽

Joshua (Sung) H. You ◽

Tae H. Kim ◽

Bong S. Choi

Keyword(s):

Postural Stability ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

External Oblique ◽

Pressure Biofeedback ◽

Formal Test

Context: The exact neuromechanical nature and relative contribution of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) to postural instability warrants further investigation in uninjured and injured populations. Objective: To determine the effects of the ADIM on static core and unipedal postural stability in nonathletes with core instability. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 19 nonathletes (4 women: age = 22.3 ± 1.3 years, height = 164.0 ± 1.7 cm, mass = 56.0 ± 4.6 kg; 15 men: age = 24.6 ± 2.8 years, height = 172.6 ± 4.7 cm, mass = 66.8 ± 7.6 kg) with core instability. Intervention(s): Participants received ADIM training with visual feedback 20 minutes each day for 7 days each week over a 2-week period. Main Outcome Measures(s): Core instability was determined using a prone formal test and measured by a pressure biofeedback unit. Unipedal postural stability was determined by measuring the center-of-pressure sway and associated changes in the abdominal muscle-thickness ratios. Electromyographic activity was measured concurrently in the external oblique, erector spinae, gluteus medius, vastus medialis oblique, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Results: All participants initially were unable to complete the formal test. However, after the 2-week ADIM training period, all participants were able to reduce the pressure biofeedback unit by a range of 4 to 10 mm Hg from an initial 70 mm Hg and maintain it at 60 to 66 mm Hg with minimal activation of the external oblique (t18 = 3.691, P = .002) and erector spinae (t18 = 2.823, P = .01) muscles. Monitoring of the pressure biofeedback unit and other muscle activations confirmed that the correct muscle contraction defining the ADIM was accomplished. This core stabilization was well maintained in the unipedal-stance position, as evidenced by a decrease in the center-of-pressure sway measures (t18 range, 3.953–5.775, P < .001), an increased muscle-thickness ratio for the transverse abdominis (t18 = −2.327, P = .03), and a reduction in external oblique muscle activity (t18 = 3.172, P = .005). Conclusions: We provide the first evidence to highlight the positive effects of ADIM training on core and postural stability in nonathletes with core instability.

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