91 The use of cytokine response profiles to inform viral vaccine development

Cytokine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Stacie Lambert ◽  
Kathy Wang ◽  
Jennifer Woo ◽  
George Kemble
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Response Profiles

Differences in Th1/Th2 cytokine response profiles during early childhood and their relationship to wheezing phenotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. S120
Author(s):  
D.F.G. DaSilva ◽  
M.D. Evans ◽  
K.A. Roberg ◽  
C.J. Tisler ◽  
E.L. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Response Profiles

scholarly journals Development and Applications of Viral Vectored Vaccines to Combat Zoonotic and Emerging Public Health Threats

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Sophia M. Vrba ◽  
Natalie M. Kirk ◽  
Morgan E. Brisse ◽  
Yuying Liang ◽  
Hinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccine Vectors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Vaccination is arguably the most cost-effective preventative measure against infectious diseases. While vaccines have been successfully developed against certain viruses (e.g., yellow fever virus, polio virus, and human papilloma virus HPV), those against a number of other important public health threats, such as HIV-1, hepatitis C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have so far had very limited success. The global pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, highlights the urgency of vaccine development against this and other constant threats of zoonotic infection. While some traditional methods of producing vaccines have proven to be successful, new concepts have emerged in recent years to produce more cost-effective and less time-consuming vaccines that rely on viral vectors to deliver the desired immunogens. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different viral vaccine vectors and their general strategies and applications in both human and veterinary medicines. A careful review of these issues is necessary as they can provide important insights into how some of these viral vaccine vectors can induce robust and long-lasting immune responses in order to provide protective efficacy against a variety of infectious disease threats to humans and animals, including those with zoonotic potential to cause global pandemics.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical Colocalization of Specific Immunoglobulin A with Sendai Virus Protein in Infected Polarized Epithelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (7) ◽  
pp. 1223-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Fujioka ◽  
Steven N. Emancipator ◽  
Masamichi Aikawa ◽  
Dennis S. Huang ◽  
Frank Blatnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Subcellular Compartment ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Polarized Epithelium

Immunoglobulin (Ig)A provides the initial immune barrier to viruses at mucosal surfaces. Specific IgA interrupts viral replication in polarized epithelium during receptor-mediated transport, probably by binding to newly synthesized viral proteins. Here, we demonstrate by immunoelectron microscopy that specific IgA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accumulate within Sendai virus–infected polarized cell monolayers and colocalize with the hemagglutinin– neuraminidase (HN) viral protein in a novel intracellular structure. Neither IgG specific for HN nor irrelevant IgA mAbs colocalize with viral protein. Treatment of cultures with viral-specific IgA but not with viral-specific IgG or irrelevant IgA decreases viral titers. These observations provide definitive ultrastructural evidence of a subcellular compartment in which specific IgA and viral envelope proteins interact, further strengthening our hypothesis of intracellular neutralization of virus by specific IgA antibodies. Our results have important implications for intracellular protein trafficking, viral replication, and viral vaccine development.

scholarly journals The Strand-biased Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 and Unbalanced Inhibition by Remdesivir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yunfei Li ◽  
Zhengxuan Li ◽  
Yu Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
Sense Strand ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor

AbstractSARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA virus, caused the COVID-19 pandemic. During the viral replication and transcription, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) “jumps” along the genome template, resulting in discontinuous negative-stranded transcripts. In other coronaviruses, the negative strand RNA was found functionally relevant to the activation of host innate immune responses. Although the sense-mRNA architectures of SARS-CoV-2 were reported, its negative strand was unexplored. Here, we deeply sequenced both strands of RNA and found SARS-CoV-2 transcription is strongly biased to form the sense strand. During negative strand synthesis, apart from canonical sub-genomic ORFs, numerous non-canonical fusion transcripts are formed, driven by 3-15 nt sequence homology scattered along the genome but more prone to be inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase inhibitor Remdesivir. The drug also represses more of the negative than the positive strand synthesis as supported by a mathematic simulation model and experimental quantifications. Overall, this study opens new sights into SARS-CoV-2 biogenesis and may facilitate the anti-viral vaccine development and drug design.One Sentence SummaryStrand-biased transcription of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals The impact of export regulations on recombinant viral vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (46) ◽  
pp. 7198-7200
Author(s):  
Jayanthi Wolf ◽  
Ryan Hansen ◽  
Kimberly Hassis ◽  
William Lapps ◽  
Emese Warmuth
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effects of an In-Frame Deletion of the6kGene Locus from the Genome of Ross River Virus

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 4150-4159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Taylor ◽  
Julian V. Melton ◽  
Lara J. Herrero ◽  
Bastian Thaa ◽  
Liis Karo-Astover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Ross River Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Virion Release ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Viral Titers

ABSTRACTThe alphaviral6kgene region encodes the two structural proteins 6K protein and, due to a ribosomal frameshift event, the transframe protein (TF). Here, we characterized the role of the6kproteins in the arthritogenic alphavirus Ross River virus (RRV) in infected cells and in mice, using a novel6kin-frame deletion mutant. Comprehensive microscopic analysis revealed that the6kproteins were predominantly localized at the endoplasmic reticulum of RRV-infected cells. RRV virions that lack the6kproteins 6K and TF [RRV-(Δ6K)] were more vulnerable to changes in pH, and the corresponding virus had increased sensitivity to a higher temperature. While the6kdeletion did not reduce RRV particle production in BHK-21 cells, it affected virion release from the host cell. Subsequentin vivostudies demonstrated that RRV-(Δ6K) caused a milder disease than wild-type virus, with viral titers being reduced in infected mice. Immunization of mice with RRV-(Δ6K) resulted in a reduced viral load and accelerated viral elimination upon secondary infection with wild-type RRV or another alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Our results show that the6kproteins may contribute to alphaviral disease manifestations and suggest that manipulation of the6kgene may be a potential strategy to facilitate viral vaccine development.IMPORTANCEArthritogenic alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV), cause epidemics of debilitating rheumatic disease in areas where they are endemic and can emerge in new regions worldwide. RRV is of considerable medical significance in Australia, where it is the leading cause of arboviral disease. The mechanisms by which alphaviruses persist and cause disease in the host are ill defined. This paper describes the phenotypic properties of an RRV6kdeletion mutant. The absence of the6kgene reduced virion release from infected cells and also reduced the severity of disease and viral titers in infected mice. Immunization with the mutant virus protected mice against viremia not only upon exposure to RRV but also upon challenge with CHIKV. These findings could lead to the development of safer and more immunogenic alphavirus vectors for vaccine delivery.

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