scholarly journals Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development

BioDrugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Vaccine

scholarly journals Role of Pulmonary Surfactant in Gas Exchange Mechanism and Providing Protection against Progression of any Respiratory Viral Disease like SARS-CoV-2 and Need to focus it as First Point of Medication for all Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makarand Phadke
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Unique Physical Property

Abstract During inhalation oxygen molecules are drawn towards type I cells. The partial pressure difference and solubility factor act as a Drive for this movement of oxygen molecules.It is well known that the pulmonary surfactant plays an important role in gas exchange. The surfactant is thin mono-layer. The top surface of surfactant with SP-B and C proteins faces alveolar air and is hydrophobic in nature and acts as a surface tension reducer, whereas lower surface with SP-A and D proteins, is hydrophilic and is adsorbed on mucosal layer. This lower surface of surfactant acts as an anti invader, pathogen barrier. However there is a small missing link in explaining its exact mechanism or role in justifying these properties during normal conditions and during ‘viral ligand’ attack.Similarly a unique physical property of SP- C component is listed in research papers; however its application is not researched anywhere. SP-C has a dielectric constant of 2 to 3 and plays a very critical role in drastically reducing progression of any respiratory viral disease including SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis targets to explain both micro mechanisms with the help of basic laws of physics, and fluid mechanics. The figures/sketches, drawn also depict the physics involved and not much of a physiology or genetic codes etc. Two examples, in the industry, are briefly listed in the last paragraphs to draw some parallel with above mechanisms.Vaccination is a proven method for containment of a particular respiratory viral disease, if not its cure. But if focus is also given on health of pulmonary surfactant with respect to pathogenesis of any respiratory viral disease, and development of a broad spectrum medication on it; probable loss of lot many lives can be avoided and vaccine development and vaccination management related issues can be less panicky.

scholarly journals Development and Applications of Viral Vectored Vaccines to Combat Zoonotic and Emerging Public Health Threats

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Sophia M. Vrba ◽  
Natalie M. Kirk ◽  
Morgan E. Brisse ◽  
Yuying Liang ◽  
Hinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccine Vectors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Vaccination is arguably the most cost-effective preventative measure against infectious diseases. While vaccines have been successfully developed against certain viruses (e.g., yellow fever virus, polio virus, and human papilloma virus HPV), those against a number of other important public health threats, such as HIV-1, hepatitis C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have so far had very limited success. The global pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, highlights the urgency of vaccine development against this and other constant threats of zoonotic infection. While some traditional methods of producing vaccines have proven to be successful, new concepts have emerged in recent years to produce more cost-effective and less time-consuming vaccines that rely on viral vectors to deliver the desired immunogens. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different viral vaccine vectors and their general strategies and applications in both human and veterinary medicines. A careful review of these issues is necessary as they can provide important insights into how some of these viral vaccine vectors can induce robust and long-lasting immune responses in order to provide protective efficacy against a variety of infectious disease threats to humans and animals, including those with zoonotic potential to cause global pandemics.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical Colocalization of Specific Immunoglobulin A with Sendai Virus Protein in Infected Polarized Epithelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (7) ◽  
pp. 1223-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Fujioka ◽  
Steven N. Emancipator ◽  
Masamichi Aikawa ◽  
Dennis S. Huang ◽  
Frank Blatnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Subcellular Compartment ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Polarized Epithelium

Immunoglobulin (Ig)A provides the initial immune barrier to viruses at mucosal surfaces. Specific IgA interrupts viral replication in polarized epithelium during receptor-mediated transport, probably by binding to newly synthesized viral proteins. Here, we demonstrate by immunoelectron microscopy that specific IgA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accumulate within Sendai virus–infected polarized cell monolayers and colocalize with the hemagglutinin– neuraminidase (HN) viral protein in a novel intracellular structure. Neither IgG specific for HN nor irrelevant IgA mAbs colocalize with viral protein. Treatment of cultures with viral-specific IgA but not with viral-specific IgG or irrelevant IgA decreases viral titers. These observations provide definitive ultrastructural evidence of a subcellular compartment in which specific IgA and viral envelope proteins interact, further strengthening our hypothesis of intracellular neutralization of virus by specific IgA antibodies. Our results have important implications for intracellular protein trafficking, viral replication, and viral vaccine development.

91 The use of cytokine response profiles to inform viral vaccine development

Cytokine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Stacie Lambert ◽  
Kathy Wang ◽  
Jennifer Woo ◽  
George Kemble
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Response Profiles

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Fowl Pox Antibody in Indigenous Chickens in Jos North and South Council Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria: Implication for Vector Vaccine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meseko Clement Adebajo ◽  
Shittu Ismail Ademola ◽  
Akinyede Oluwaseun
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Vector Vaccine ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Indigenous Chickens ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Effective Use

Fowl pox is a viral disease of domestic and wild birds. The large size of the genome makes it a useful vector for recombinant DNA technology. Although the disease has been described in both commercial and indigenous chickens in Nigeria, data are limited on seroprevalence in free range chickens. Such data are, however, important in the design and implementation of fowl pox virus vector vaccine. We surveyed current antibody status to fowl pox virus in free range chickens by testing 229 sera collected from 10 villages in Jos North and Jos South LGA of Plateau State Nigeria. Sera were analyzed by AGID against standard fowl pox antigen. Fifty-two of the 229 (23%) tested sera were positive for fowl pox virus antibody, and the log titre in all positive specimen was . Thirty (21%) and twenty-two (27%) of the samples from Jos South and Jos North, respectively, tested positive. This was, however, not statistically significant (). Generally the study showed a significant level of antibody to fowl pox virus in the study area. This observation may hinder effective use of fowl pox vectored viral vaccine. Fowl pox control is recommended to reduce natural burden of the disease.

scholarly journals The Strand-biased Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 and Unbalanced Inhibition by Remdesivir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yunfei Li ◽  
Zhengxuan Li ◽  
Yu Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
Sense Strand ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor

AbstractSARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA virus, caused the COVID-19 pandemic. During the viral replication and transcription, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) “jumps” along the genome template, resulting in discontinuous negative-stranded transcripts. In other coronaviruses, the negative strand RNA was found functionally relevant to the activation of host innate immune responses. Although the sense-mRNA architectures of SARS-CoV-2 were reported, its negative strand was unexplored. Here, we deeply sequenced both strands of RNA and found SARS-CoV-2 transcription is strongly biased to form the sense strand. During negative strand synthesis, apart from canonical sub-genomic ORFs, numerous non-canonical fusion transcripts are formed, driven by 3-15 nt sequence homology scattered along the genome but more prone to be inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase inhibitor Remdesivir. The drug also represses more of the negative than the positive strand synthesis as supported by a mathematic simulation model and experimental quantifications. Overall, this study opens new sights into SARS-CoV-2 biogenesis and may facilitate the anti-viral vaccine development and drug design.One Sentence SummaryStrand-biased transcription of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals The impact of export regulations on recombinant viral vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (46) ◽  
pp. 7198-7200
Author(s):  
Jayanthi Wolf ◽  
Ryan Hansen ◽  
Kimberly Hassis ◽  
William Lapps ◽  
Emese Warmuth
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effects of an In-Frame Deletion of the6kGene Locus from the Genome of Ross River Virus

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 4150-4159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Taylor ◽  
Julian V. Melton ◽  
Lara J. Herrero ◽  
Bastian Thaa ◽  
Liis Karo-Astover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Ross River Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Virion Release ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Viral Titers

ABSTRACTThe alphaviral6kgene region encodes the two structural proteins 6K protein and, due to a ribosomal frameshift event, the transframe protein (TF). Here, we characterized the role of the6kproteins in the arthritogenic alphavirus Ross River virus (RRV) in infected cells and in mice, using a novel6kin-frame deletion mutant. Comprehensive microscopic analysis revealed that the6kproteins were predominantly localized at the endoplasmic reticulum of RRV-infected cells. RRV virions that lack the6kproteins 6K and TF [RRV-(Δ6K)] were more vulnerable to changes in pH, and the corresponding virus had increased sensitivity to a higher temperature. While the6kdeletion did not reduce RRV particle production in BHK-21 cells, it affected virion release from the host cell. Subsequentin vivostudies demonstrated that RRV-(Δ6K) caused a milder disease than wild-type virus, with viral titers being reduced in infected mice. Immunization of mice with RRV-(Δ6K) resulted in a reduced viral load and accelerated viral elimination upon secondary infection with wild-type RRV or another alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Our results show that the6kproteins may contribute to alphaviral disease manifestations and suggest that manipulation of the6kgene may be a potential strategy to facilitate viral vaccine development.IMPORTANCEArthritogenic alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV), cause epidemics of debilitating rheumatic disease in areas where they are endemic and can emerge in new regions worldwide. RRV is of considerable medical significance in Australia, where it is the leading cause of arboviral disease. The mechanisms by which alphaviruses persist and cause disease in the host are ill defined. This paper describes the phenotypic properties of an RRV6kdeletion mutant. The absence of the6kgene reduced virion release from infected cells and also reduced the severity of disease and viral titers in infected mice. Immunization with the mutant virus protected mice against viremia not only upon exposure to RRV but also upon challenge with CHIKV. These findings could lead to the development of safer and more immunogenic alphavirus vectors for vaccine delivery.

scholarly journals 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 - Approaches to Viral Vaccine Development and Preventive Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Nazir ◽  
Roberto Parra-Saldivar ◽  
Hafiz M.N. Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vaccine
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