An analysis of technology licensing and parallel importation under different market structures

In the last decade or so, strategic alliances and partnerships among pharmaceutical and biotech companies have doubled to around 700 per year per sector, although most of this increase came in the early years. Even though all big pharma companies have a good selling and marketing capacity, many alliances are created to optimise the commercialization of products, for example, through targeting different segments, marketing with synergistic products or in particular territories where a firm is stronger than the originator. Various forms of strategic partnerships such as collaborative research, contract research, co-production agreements, co-marketing arrangements, cross-distribution arrangements, and technology licensing are being utilized for capacity additions, brand acquisitions, marketing channel integration, and R&D integration, depending upon the focus of a firm. Indian firms are forking out contracts, alliances, and are entering into outsourcing deals where they lack strategic capabilities. But a few firms are looking to build long term capabilities and entering into Research and Development alliances.

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On the First-Round Effects of International Food Price Shocks

10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rafael Portillo ◽

Luis-Felipe Zanna

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Open Economy ◽

Small Open Economy ◽

Food Price ◽

Relative Price ◽

Asset Market ◽

Price Shocks ◽

Market Structures ◽

Model Features ◽

Food Share

The chapter presents a small open-economy model to study the first-round effects of international food-price shocks in developing countries. First-round shocks are defined as changes in headline inflation that, holding core inflation constant, help implement relative price adjustments. The model features three goods (food, a generic traded good, and a non-traded good), varying degrees of tradability of the food basket, and alternative international asset market structures. First-round effects depend crucially on the asset market structure. Under complete markets, inter-temporal substitution prevails, making the inflationary impact of international food price shocks proportional to the food share in consumption, which in developing countries is typically large. Under financial autarky, the income channel is dominant, and first-round effects are instead proportional to the country’s food trade balance, which is typically small. The results cast some doubt on the view that international food price shocks inherently have large inflationary effects in developing countries.

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The Incentives to, and Constraints upon, Product Innovation

10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Stoneman ◽

Eleonora Bartoloni ◽

Maurizio Baussola

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Product Innovation ◽

Product Space ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Product Line ◽

Decision Uncertainty ◽

Market Structures ◽

Product Innovations

This chapter explores the factors that affect the firm’s decision to undertake product innovation. The discussion encompasses the driving forces that encourage product innovation, for example innovation by others or the ageing of an existing product line; however, the basic rationale is the search for profits. The chapter also addresses decisions about: the extent of innovation in general; horizontal and vertical product innovations separately; and the location of innovations in product space. The role of market structures in the product innovation decision, uncertainty in the innovating environment, and issues relating to emulation and copying are also addressed. Constraints to product innovation that survey data indicate are most important—innovation costs, risk and finance, and the availability of qualified labour—are also addressed.

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What influences the dynamics of technology licensing in academia The case of Spanish universities

International Journal of Intellectual Property Management ◽

10.1504/ijipm.2020.111372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Erika Sofía Olaya Escobar ◽

Maria Belén Arias Valle ◽

Anna Akhmedova

Keyword(s):

Technology Licensing ◽

Spanish Universities

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Why do informal markets remain informal: the role of tacit knowledge in an Indian footwear cluster

Journal of Evolutionary Economics ◽

10.1007/s00191-021-00726-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yugank Goyal ◽

Klaus Heine

Keyword(s):

Tacit Knowledge ◽

Informal Markets ◽

Market Institutions ◽

Market Structures ◽

Long Run ◽

External Pressures ◽

Propositional Form ◽

The City

AbstractWhy do informal markets resist formalizing, even when the gains of doing so outweigh its costs in the long run? While a number of responses to this question have been advanced, we discover that part of the reason could be located in the tacit knowledge (attributed to Polanyi, Hayek) embedded in the marketplace, on which market institutions run. This factor is not fully explored yet. Tacit (idiosyncratic, inarticulate, nonconscious) knowledge is acquired personally through experience and cannot be transferred or conveyed to anyone. This is the knowledge we use to act without knowing it in a propositional form. We present the case of one of India’s largest informal footwear cluster, located in the city of Agra. We show that informal markets, hinged on tacit knowledge, cannot evolve easily and therefore may remain locked-in, despite external pressures or incentives to formalize. The study shows that efforts to overcome informality and reaping the benefits of formalized market structures cannot be done without taking cognizance of the sticky intangible knowledge on which these markets rest.

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A market-based rationale for the privacy paradox

Media Culture & Society ◽

10.1177/01634437211015843 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 016344372110158

Author(s):

Opeyemi Akanbi

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Market Structures ◽

Media Companies ◽

The Social ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Privacy Paradox ◽

The Individual ◽

Privacy Risks ◽

Social Collective

Moving beyond the current focus on the individual as the unit of analysis in the privacy paradox, this article examines the misalignment between privacy attitudes and online behaviors at the level of society as a collective. I draw on Facebook’s market performance to show how despite concerns about privacy, market structures drive user, advertiser and investor behaviors to continue to reward corporate owners of social media platforms. In this market-oriented analysis, I introduce the metaphor of elasticity to capture the responsiveness of demand for social media to the data (price) charged by social media companies. Overall, this article positions social media as inelastic, relative to privacy costs; highlights the role of the social collective in the privacy crises; and ultimately underscores the need for structural interventions in addressing privacy risks.

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